Leader profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

draw profile - Essay ExampleAt the age of 16, he moved to Detroit to pursue his passion of grammatical construction machineries (Ford & Crowther, 1922). After a lot of hurdled and failures, he was finally adapted to start up with Ford motors. total heat Fords vision was to bring about a car which was so cheap that every 1 could gift to drive it and was also very easily and cost effectively repaired and fixed (Ford & Crowther, 1922). He translated his vision into his T car model which proved to be a great success. Today Ford Motors is a known brand with having stakes in other very famous brands as well, like Mazda and Aston Martin. Its headquarters are located in Michigan. Ford is ranked the second-largest automaker being US based and attains a ordinal position globally for being the largest auto maker in Europe. Ford Motor Company has taken a lot of environmental initiatives in order to pursue their corporate social responsibility (Sorenson & Williamson, 1957). They give up manufactured and made compressed natural gas vehicles, ethanol (flexible fuel) vehicles as well as electric automobile and hybrid electronic vehicles. The position which Ford Motor Company enjoys luxuriously is only because of the vision of one man, Mr. Henry Ford. As a leader, he gave importance to giving value to feeders along with maintaining a last level of self belief in them (Sorenson & Williamson, 1957). He always ensured to stipend his workers high, which is why he was able to attract all the talent from all over the world towards is company (Sorenson & Williamson, 1957). Henry Ford tacit that the only way to enhance the true authority in us is to understand the importance of work. He observed that work is an indispensable part of us as human beings and our achievement as individuals entrust come only as a result of us using our true working potential (Sorenson & Williamson, 1957). This is the main reason why he never thought of requiring, as for him life was work and work was life. The leadership style of Henry Ford was that of a transformational leader. It is said so because he was able to phonate his vision with the action plans of his subordinates. Not only this makes him a transformational leader, he was also always very proactive then reactive (Sward, 1948). He was undoubtedly a charismatic leader which is completely shown by his desire to make a car which was affordable for each and everyone (Sward, 1948). The basic four-spot traits which form the basis of a transformational leadership style are to be able to influence credibility, to inspire subordinates towards motivation, to address people with reason stimulation and lastly to have individualized consideration. Henry Ford had perfectly and completely mastered these four traits (Sward, 1948). Ford was always very motivation towards his workers and believed that people when happy and satisfied can be a good deal more productive than people who are not happy an =d satisfied. He used t o pay double wages than that of the market along with other rewards, incentives and bonuses (Sward, 1948). He also reduced the working hours a day for his workers so that they remain mentally and physically fresh. All this added to make Fords dream into a cosmos and the

Functionalist and Intentionalist Explanations of the Rwanda and Essay

Functionalist and Intentionalist Explanations of the Rwanda and Holocaust Mass Murders - Essay ExampleThe loudness murder in Rwanda is a perfect example of the new-make time racial extermination born of heathenish hatred. As compared to the Holocaust genocide, the events unfolding in Rwanda in 1994 gave birth to the systematic slaughter of more than octet hundred thousand Moderate Hutu and Tutsi. This aspect position the Rwandese massacre to being a massacre of the modern phenomenon, absorbed by rationalism, bureaucracy and technology. The massacre of the European Jews, commonly referred to by a majority of scholars as the Holocaust, on the other hand is among the genocides known to the greater percentage of the educated in the society. Between the age 1941 and 1945, European Jews ranging between five and xix million were systematically massacred by the Nazi regime (under the lead of Adolf Hitler) in collaboration with its allies and other surrogates in the Nazi-occupied territ ories. Irrespective of the astonishing intensity and scale of the genocide, the extrusion of the Holocaust in the recent couple of years has been far from being preordained.Having given a brief preamble of both the Rwandese and the Holocaust genocides, this paper therefore, gears towards availing an in-depth comparison between the two genocides. In addition, this paper excessively does evaluate both the functionalist and the intentionalists explanation of the two cases of mass murder based on the principal areas of concentrate on such as uniqueness, precedent and generality in either case as drawn from different theoretical quarters. Comparison and Evaluation of the Holocaust and Rwanda Mass Murders When it comes to the definition of what genocide is, it somehow proves to be challenging. Nevertheless, massacres cod over and again been repeated in different parts of the world. The to the highest degree imperative thing to have in remembrance is that a mass murder remains to b e not only a controversial, but also a contested debate among politicians, historians, academics, fascists and nationalists. Irrespective of the noticeable differences in the context of a mass murder, neither of the sides presents a different opinion or even repudiates the authenticity of the Rwanda and the Holocaust, nor is there blue rejection over the principle that the Hutus and Adolf Hitler were responsible for the crimes they set off. In this event therefore, it is imperative finding a mechanics of gauging the reality beyond the Rwanda and the Holocaust massacres (Christopher 2004, p.34). As thus, there arise two schools of imagination as regards to the historiography of these genocides. These schools of thought are the functionalist and the intentionalist explanations of the genocides. Intenionalist versus Functionalist Explanation of the two Mass Murders Over the past two or so decades, the most heated debate has been revolving around an erudite predisposition by and large referred to as intentionalist and an antagonistic functionalist explanation. Arguably, a great percentage of the interpretation and data so gathered on the Rwanda and the Holocaust massacres relate in one way or the other either in the functionalist or the intentionalist perspectives. To begin with the Holocaust genocide it is even derivable from the word itself, the intenionalists explanation lays more accents on the intention that the Nazis had and from the kick off, it is undeniable that these Nazis had their minds made up to eliminate the European Jews in whichever manner, including carrying a mass slaughter on them. An approach of this flesh puts emphasis on the figure of Adolf Hitler and his monomaniacal passion to do away with what he referred to as the Judaic cancer from Germany and Europe as a whole (Tom 2010, p.25). Adolfs stance of facilitating an elimination of the European Jews is understandably evidenced by the statement he makes when addressing a journalist. He con fidently declares that in the event that he assumes power, his first priority

The Industrial Revolution Refer to side notes below Essay

The Industrial vicissitude Refer to side notes below - Essay ExampleThe so-called Industrial Revolution was indeed star of the most transformative events in human history. Starting in a small area of England and then bed dot through the country, on to the rest of Europe and hence to much of the world, the growth in industrial methods of employment would have profound influence upon lives throughout the world. While there is virtually unanimous agreement on the influence of the tilts that occurred, there is to a greater extent debate upon their causes and how they should be characterized. Those that affirm the revolution aspect of this industrial change concentrate upon the rapidity of development and the influence of individual men such as Thomas tungsten and his steam engine. Historians who criticize such characterizations claim that the industrial change occurred in a more interlinking manner.The exact causes and even dates of the Industrial Revolution have been constantly d ebated by historians, and this effects whether they see it as a revolution or not. For example, Lewis Mumford (1971) suggests that its origins are in fact in the Middle Ages with the printing entreat as an archetype for modern industrialization. The monasteries that had kept learning alive after the Romans also insisted upon a regularized timetable throughout the day, again, according to Mumford, a precursor of the Industrial Revolutions factories. ... They see it as stemming from post Civil War changes in Britain in which national borders were meaningful and so the spread of disease through population movements was limited (Cipolla, 1994). This in turn led to a lowering of infant mortality and an increase in population. A big population was an essential precursor to industrialization as it required both a big hands and an adequate market size for its goods. Cipolla also suggests that the agricultural revolution in Britain, with the enclosure of land and more efficient food produ ction techniques, led to labor being forced into cities. This growth in cities provided the manpower and market in which the industrial revolution could occur. However, the actual period of industrial change within England (which spread to the rest of the world within decades) did occur in a relatively short period amidst 1780-1830. While the factors suggested by the authors already discussed were important catalysts the actual period of change was very rapid and created conditions in which technology developed on an almost yearly basis. One of the most important aspects of this change was the skip number of inventions and industrial developments that occurred in a very short period of time and within a concentrated geographical area.England is a very small country by most standards, being cc miles at its broadest and only about 400 miles long. When an invention appeared in one place it was easy for it to be transported to another and to influence developments there. The Industri al Revolution can be characterized as a period of brutal cross-fertilization of ideas, industrial developments and changes. Thomas Watts steam engine led to mechanized machines.

Sustainable Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sustainable touristry - Essay ExampleNow, the question arises what is the touristry prospective of Olympic Games. It is known that a sport is an substantial tourist phenomenon that offers people with thrilling and motivating sightseer experiences. Olympic is a worlds leading(p) sporting occasion that provides tourists with diverse lively, reflexive and vividly experienced activities. Thus, Olympics provide an extensive range of greatly considerable tourism benefits (Weed, 2007).In early 1990s, tourism scholars and professionals began to contemplate the associations of sustainable cultivation for their own enterprise. Since the mankind Summit, the idea of sustainable development has sought attention from both tourism philosophers and professionals. Its basic hypothesis has acquired cosmopolitan approval as an adorable outcome of tourism development. This has been mirrored in the conception of sustainable tourism advancement plans, policy declarations and guidelines. The World T ourism Organization (WTO) supported the sustainable advancement to tourism, and commenced to apply sustainable advancement ethics in all of its tourism outlining and development. The United Nations and its organizations have also consigned the significance of tourism and sustainable development on several occasions. The General Assembly observed the significance of tourism and appealed for the development of a business plan particularly for tourism development in the year 1997 (Berno and Bricker, 2001).This study aims to converse the degree of sustainability of the Beijing Olympic Games 2008. This study also examines the actions taken by the International Olympic deputation (IOC) and Chinese Government and their subsequent impacts. This research tries to establish how far Beijing have been able to turn over sustainability in tourism.Several stakeholders had a curiosity in contributing to the development and arrangement of the Beijing

Learning through work ( part of managing people practice ) Assignment

Learning through work ( divide of managing people practice ) - Assignment ExampleBesides that, during my placement at Chisou Nights Bridge I to a fault worked at the bar when the bartender was off the restaurant was short of bar staff. I was able to keep up and perform various things that were happening at the restaurant giving me practical experience.Chisou Nights Bridge purposes authentic Nipponese cuisine. Some of the provenders served at the restaurant include Ankimo Ponzu, avocado and sashimi salad, seafood marinated in traditional Japanese vinaigrette, chicken teriyaki, screak teriyaki, blue fin fatty tuna, age gyoza, ebi tempura, egg custard, spicy miso and topped with a raw quails, spry fish roe, butter fish, braised eel, blue fin fattest tuna, and cold fresh tofu served with ginger, among others (Chisou, 2015).Eraut (2006, p.54) affirms that work placements offer contexts that are different for learnedness than those provided within colleges and universities. People learn in various ways. At the workplaces learning is informal and occurs as a by-product of engaging in work processes as well as activities. Proceeding further, Eraut et al. (2010, p.45) assert that work experience assists you to clarifythe type of work that best suits you, provide you with invigorated knowledge and skills, boost your resume, enhance your confidence, provide you with experience which you can refer to in a melodic line interview, increase the number of people who can assist you secure a bob in the future, and may also lead to an employment offer at the end of the work experience placement.One o.k. afternoon while doing my duty as the head waitress, I headed to the kitchen so as to manage the food orders since lunch time was rush hour. Four gentlemen and one lady all of Japanese origin entered the hotel and ordered their foods. Since it was lunch time, I figured out that all of them would order for sushi. One of them ordered for boiled spinach rolls that were s easoned with light soy sauce sprinkled with bonito flakes. The other two gentlemen

Characteristics of a Learning Organization Research Paper

Characteristics of a learning Organization - Research Paper ExampleThese presidencys also end up repeating the same mistakes all over and over again. The best example is situation whereby an organization spends a lot of time restructuring and repeating initiatives because the precedent initiatives did not lead to the desired results (Boranmoon, 2005). My preferred learning organization is Social C ar make for for chastity (SCIE). In addition, the Social consider Institute for rightness is able to promote learning and leadership in its operations at all levels. The type of leadership promoted by the Social Care Institute for truth is able to promote accountability in various levels of leadership. Leaders as well as someones are made accountable for their actions whenever they engage in decisions that do not contribute to the success of the organization. Organizations that encourage right and accountability often become clearer and stronger in their dealings. These organizat ions also realize that they are able to produce in effect(p) leaders of tomorrow who kindle bring change in the society in which they live in. creating amenable individuals is also important because they help in achieving the common goal to the organization. The Social Care Institute for Excellences vision, mission and values can fit well into an overall strategic direction. Learning organizations can only ensure that there is responsibility among individuals if they work through strong network of relationships and helping whizz another in correcting their weaknesses, rather that creating a working environment in which individuals work under impel to gain their objective (Boranmoon, 2005). The Social Care Institute for Excellence also ensures that there is a conducive learning environment for all individuals. The organization should take advantage and use the available intelligent preference at heart the organization to improve in their service delivery. This can only be ach ieved if every individual is given a chance to develop their skills and talents. Further, social Care Institute for Excellence engages both national and external stakeholders in the decision making process. They them respond with adequate measures towards the issues generated by stake holders. Stakeholders mustiness continuously be included in the decision making process for any learning organization to achieve their objectives. Lack of concern towards the views of the stakeholders can only lead to more complications in the process of implementing certain projects. succeeder in the implementation of all projects and activities of a learning organization depends upon the cooperation among all stakeholders (Boranmoon, 2005). Social Care Institute for Excellence ensures that there is sustainability thinking within the organizations culture. Each and every individual within the organization should be made to think that they are very important to the sustainability of the organizatio n. When individuals within the learning organization feel that they are very insignificant in the progress, the productivity may be affected thusly affecting the ability to meet the set objectives. Every individual within the learning organization must feel a sense of worth in the operations and management of the organization (Boranmoon, 2005). Social Care Institute for Excellence incorporates the efforts of several individuals. It is more that just one person and it arises from the collaboration of individuals in groups

Ethnographic Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethnographic Research cat - Essay ExampleDifferent cultures are affecting the present market conditions and business process. People belong from various cultures behave in certain ways in their day to day activities. The goods are produced and consumed gibe to their lifestyle and culture. The companies are also very aware of this. They manufacture and sell goods and services according to the tastes and preferences of its nodes. By studying the culture of its targeted customers polar brands have developed its brand image. Brand has a strong congener with the product which has unique characterises. It builds up a strong image of the product on the mind of the customer which portrays the status and taste of the customers. The social, personal and cultural identity of people defines the relationship between the production and manipulations. The ripening of new promotional culture helps to attract more customers. The brands are perceived in a different way for this new promotional culture.The topic of this research paper is ethnography. The main aim of this paper is assessing the position of consumption and cultural production in the present clock of new economies. In the modern time the production of the company is highly dependent on the cultural tastes of the customers. The research paper describes the importance of brands and branding in this context. The objectives of this paper are to explain the contribution of design and aesthetics for the development of various promotional cultures by the companies. The research paper will also focus on the process by which consumption shapes our experiences, relationships by opening up different ethical questions. The assignment has also emphasised on the tangency between consumption and production which has affected many cultural industries.This research paper is done on the study of primary and secondary data. Primary Research is the most important part of this project. A elaborate study of this people and the ir day to day

Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Freedom - Essay ExampleThomas, lead oddb every last(predicate) of the story, who is living the life of suffering in Chicagos ghettos until he bonds his ticket out of craving to get granting immunity. bigger is hampered with a powerful zeal that he has cannot control his life and that he cannot do anything other than on the job(p) as a labor. The character is precise complex and has very low confidence level. The novel may only be compared to the Richard Wright supporting culture, and a very complex in fact a interdict picture of the black Americans. Marys murder gives Bigger a sense of power and identity operator he has never known. Which though leads him to oddment at the end but he struggled hard to outdo all his weakness his poverty. He has a colossal feeling of granting immunity too as explained in the novel. Bigger has a strong feeling of freedom Sort of natural-like, me being here facing that death chair. Now I realize about it, it seems like something like this jus t had to be. He is then destine to death and faces his destiny impenitently. Thinking of that the reason I killed for, I am Though in prison, shows a great need for a common brotherhood. This actually shows what Wright really think of freedom. As he considered freedom a term when one can free him from any regret from every sin he has done mistakenly or with conscious mind which leads him to death yet is effective as it entrust end. The novel shows various annoying characteristics of Thomas. As though he was a very terrified son from white that he never ever tried to rob the white with his gang as he take white not an individual but as a group. So he was very much terrifying and may be his idolise will then end at such violence. Richard Wrights has a very complex definition of freedom. As doing a complete analysis of Thomas it seems that author is a very deep critic of the societys cruel attitude and the strange carrying into action of those rules that support racism. He portra ys the character as it is a real discovery of such cruel society. Wright has a clear an idea of freedom and also he discovers many hurdles can be confront by achieving such levels of freedom are not possible until one can sacrifice greatly. Mary, Mr. Daltons daughter was a really against this racism so she threaten Thomas to forget about all the taboos and to encourage him she spent full night with his boy friend and Bigger her boy friend Jan dread(a) to prove their liberal thoughts and racial tolerance against the black Americans. Despite Biggers embracement they spent great time with him. This is another way of depicting that this is not possible to get a real freedom. As though the couple is giving Thomas a great opportunity to interact with a twelvemonth of white people but he acts annoyingly. That shows at any cost bigger does not pee the ability to overcome his inferiority complex enforced in him from his childhood that may lead to a strange criminal mind set. Like after th at evening they get drunk heavily. And Bigger control to home. Afterward, Mary is too drunk as she cannot go to her bedroom on her own, so Bigger helps her to get there. Drunk and as he get freedom he started kissing Mary. That depicts what the writer another scholarship towards the fears and complexes of one man that leads him towards violating all the rules. And act like animal as when he get a little space and a chance he forgot what is right and what is wrong and freely do what his fear asks him to do. This is a way to get freedom but deeply this is not a real freedom actually this is an outcome of all those

BUSN U5IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUSN U5IP - Research Paper ExampleUnit 5 Regression Analyses Introduction This assignment conducts cardinal linear regression tests for three pairs of independent and dependent variables. The data used to conduct the tests were obtained from a deal conducted by AIU. The regression tests were conducted using Excels built-in function. The following paragraphs present the results and analyses of tests. Results of Tests Table 1 Regression Output of Variables Benefits vs. Intrinsic Job Satisfaction Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.030092219 R square up 0.000905542 Adjusted R square -0.004408791 Standard Error 0.876576061 Observations 190 Coefficient Y- intercept 4.524522995 pitch 0.151207676 Note Benefits = X Intrinsic melodic phrase rejoicing = Y Figure 1. Regression line Benefits vs. Intrinsic job ecstasy Table 2 Regression Output of Variables Benefits vs. outside Job Satisfaction Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.026855348 R Square 0.00072121 Adjusted R square -0.00459410 3 Standard Error 1.024951959 Observations 190 Coefficient Y- intercept 5.750215066 Slope -0.157769935 Note Benefits = X Extrinsic job satisfaction = Y Figure 2. Regression line Benefits vs. Extrinsic job satisfaction Table 3 Regression Output of Variables Benefits vs. ... nsic job satisfaction 0.15 4.52 Y = 4.52 + 0.15 X 0.000905542 Extrinsic job satisfaction -0.16 5.75 Y = 5.75 0.16 X 0.00072121 Overall job satisfaction -0.07 4.96 Y = 4.96 0.07 X 0.0001144390 Note Benefits = X Analysis of Results and Conclusion The assignment conducted three separate linear regression analyses in order to establish a blood between independent and dependent variables obtained through a survey. The relationship between the two variables, in this case, is expressed through the linear regression equation, y = a + bx. In this equation a is called intercept of Y-axis and b is called slope of the regression line (University of New England, n.d.). The slope indicates how changes in values of independen t variable affect changes of dependent variable. The slope b may receive a positive or a negative value. A positive slope defines that the dependent variable increases as the independent increases while the negative implies dependent variable decreases while the independent variable increases. Table 4 displays one positive and two negative slopes. Thus, Y = 4.52 + 0.15 X defines that both Benefits and Intrinsic job satisfaction move in the same direction, which suggests that the increase of benefits increases intrinsic job satisfaction. However, Y = 5.75 0.16 X defines that the variables Benefits and Extrinsic job satisfaction move in different directions. It means an increase of Benefits decreases extrinsic job satisfaction. Regression equations Y = 5.75 0.16 X, and Y = 4.96 0.07 X demonstrate negative relationships between independent and dependent variables while Y = 4.52 + 0.15 X displays positive relationship between independent and dependent variables. The Excel regression statistics evaluates linear correlation coefficient

Khalifa tower in dubai Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Khalifa tower in dubai - Research Paper ExampleLocated in the heart of Dubai, this building is considered one of the tallest structures in the world. (Lego Architecture, 2010) Emaar Properties PJSC was the political boss promoter of this grand structure eyepatch the architects were Skidmore, Owings & Merill LLP (SOM), a company based in Chicago. (Lego Architecture, 2010) The two persons at the helm of this design were Adrian Smith and Bill Baker who were the architect and chief structural engineer respectively. The projection of building the worlds tallest structure was entrusted to Owings & Merill because of their vast experience in creating such huge if not similar structures like the Seara Tower and the John Hancock Center. (Lego Architecture, 2010) Around 90 designers and engineers worked in close synergism to create this monumental piece which marvelled not only in size but also reflected the heathen and religious sentiment of the region.The Burj Khalifa at 828 metres infus ed a mix of modern 21st century architecture while still retaining the finer symbolic aspects of traditional Islamic architecture. Classified as a Supertall skyscraper, reflective glazing aluminum and textured stainless steel was used significantly while the construction was carried out using built concrete and steel. The project began in 2004 and was completed by 2010. (Lego Architecture, 2010) There were more than 160 stories in this meteoric building with the floor area measured at 5.67 million square feet. The tower was inaugurated by His stateliness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Vice President and Prime Minister of UAE and also the ruler of Dubai. (Lego Architecture, 2010)Owings and Merill LLP were shortlisted from among a team of five international competitors to work on the Burj Khalifa. To their credit the Haj Terminal at Jeddah drome and the National Commercial bank were works that were created by Owings and Merill and which had a significant presence of Islami c architecture in its style. The

Coporate social responsibility Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coporate social responsibility - Article ExampleSrinivasan, in her article, emphases it is the responsibility of any assembly line environment stakeholders to address the financial problems in the line environment of the developing economies, particularly in India. She notes that, in India, the key actors include the government, civil society, and the target businesses. However, Srinivasan notes that it is essential to examine distinct roles of each of these stakeholders. In sense the roles of each stakeholder, Srinivasan citesthesignificance of evaluatingsocial, respectable, and environment challenges that have significantly changed the tradition upon which business is understood in India especially the way it is taught in business schools (Srinivasan, 2012 pg. 104). Thus, this article examines how ethical and social factors have affected the Indian business environment and the ways it can be betterd. The Indian corporations are indulging in fields including tuition and health with innovative and sustainability ideas towards delivering affordable and scalable products into the market. In other words, the incorporation of new techniques and ideas of addressing social and ethical issues lead change the nature of the business activities from the traditional ways of handling business (Srinivasan, 2012 pg. 10). ... In conclusion, it is evident that Srinivasan advocates for changes in numerous social and ethical issues in the Indian business environment in commit to achieve the desired profitable business environment. However, these changes must be aimed at complying with the global understanding. Importantly, if India needs to improve it economy through international businesses, it must create friendly external business environment. The external investors will only be interested in some specific factors in order to invest in India. Most of the investors will be interested in the leadership, how the Indians understand business society inter- relationship, th e contribution of the corporate government and other stakeholders. These changes can never be achieved over night therefore, it is the dire responsibility of because stakeholders to initiate these changes within the Indian business environment. Corporate Social Responsibility Can Be paid This article is a contribution of Ruben Hernandez-Murillo and Christopher J. Martinek in an attempt to highlight the profitability of the Corporate Social Responsibility. Notably, businesses and organizations lots peg their social expansions on their corporate social responsibility (CSR) (Hernandez-Murillo and Martinek, 2009 pg. 01). Hernandez-Murillo and Martinek highlights how the corporate social responsibility unremarkably embraces a broader group of stakeholders including the employees, customers, and the entire business community. Moreover, CSR often depicts the financial responsibilities to the stakeholders. Therefore, the main role of the CSR is to maintain honorable relationship throu gh giving back to the community (Hernandez-Murillo and Martinek, 2009 pg. 01). Through the article, Hernandez-Murillo and

Autonomhy in healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Autonomhy in healthcare - Essay characterDonchin criticized Engelhardt approach to autonomy and noted that the power and authority of physicians to act as gatekeepers selecting candidates for non-therapeutic elective procedures raised the diametrical set of issues about limiting patient autonomy.Tauber notes that patients lose their ability to make free choices because they are never fully informed. In his perception, by employing the term of adequate understanding, the patients themselves recognize the limits of their freedom and are more than relate with the process of healing and autonomy is rather the aspiration of the curing process. Verkerk and Keller analyzed patient autonomy in the context of care perspective or feministic approach. The patient care is focused on becoming more active and committed caregivers instead of adopting the non-interference attitude and look on of patient autonomy. The ideal of autonomy in basis of independence and self-sufficiency is criticized , while the idea of interdependence is emphasized. Dworkin, on the contrary, has covered the issue of autonomy from varied perspectives starting with the Kantian concept of self-governance and ending with the feministic approach to autonomy.Even though Dworkin does not use the article autonomy in his works, while discussing the idea of treating people equally he is arguing for the equal respect for the autonomy of people. For example, according to his liberal theory of equality, the political decisions should be free of any conception of the sincere life because the conceptions of people are different and the government will be unable to treat citizens as equals if one conception is prefer to other. Thus, autonomy is an equivalent of liberty, self-rule, integrity, individuality, and self-knowledge (6). Dworkin argues that autonomy is not the same concept as liberty. For example, if the doctor

Creating a hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creating a hypothesis - Essay ExampleThe meeting was asked to answer 3 questions. 1. Before the video, what was their opinion on abortions and what moderateness corroborate this belief?. 2. Do religion or science hold the most weight in your answer and to give a reason to abide this opinion? 3. Did your opinion on abortions change after viewing the video and what in specialized made them confirm their answer? The video was watched simultaneously by all five role players and the conductor of the commission group. Immediately after the viewing, the questionnaire was issued out for the questions to be answered.The testing sample exposed that initially, 4 out of 5 of the viewers imagined that abortion should be legal prior to watching the video. The 1 individual who did not believe that abortion should be legal was a man. The primary confirmation answer was the fact that it was a personalized choice and government should not be allowed to tell a woman what to do with her body. The sole participant that believed that abortion should not be legal based his answer upon the idea that life began at purpose and it was a form of murder.The 2nd question answered by the sampled group as to weather science or religion held the most weight in there answer was 3 for religion and 2 for science. The 3 polled that felt as if religion held the most weight in their answer confirmed themselves to be Christian and said that they knew of nothing in the Bible that stated that they should not have an abortion. The 2 that answered science confirmed that the zygote would not be able to survive on its own outside of the womb.The 3rd and nett question of the poll asked if their opinion about abortions was swayed after watching the video. The response remained the same. 4 of the participants still believed in abortion with the same 1 individual remaining constant to the answer that abortion should be illegal. Asked to confirm their answers, the general notion was that they were a ware of the development

Aid impedes development, it does not promote it. Discuss Essay

Aid impedes development, it does not promote it. Discuss - move ExampleFor the purpose of this essay, development is defined as the process of eradicating factors that bring about hindrances to social, political and economical progress. These factors include poverty, unemployment, lack of access to education and health facilities to name but a few. (Pieterse, 2001, pg 15). Development in this regard coll atomic number 18ts with the views of Sen (2001, pg 3) that states that development is the process of expanding the real freedom people enjoy and it requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom such as tyranny, poor economic opportunities, systematic social deprivation and neglect of public facilitiesThis essay will be divided into two theatrical roles. Section one is dedicated to the understanding of the notion of attend what it is, how it emerged and what are the factors driving its existence? Focus in section one will be on be the term development aid, highlighting the different types of aid as well as presenting a instruct history of aid. The objective of section one is to gain an in-depth understanding of the notion of development aid onward scrutinising it.Section two is the crux of this essay. This section will essentially discuss the role of aid in development by presenting the views of proponents and opponents of aid. This section will essentially highlight the view points of different scholars on the loose of development aid. The main aim of this section is to present a balanced scrutiny of the role of aid by evaluating the debates that present both positive and negative impact of development aid. Noteworthy examples of how aid has squeeze positively and negatively in development will also be highlighted. These examples are meant to act as evidence of the reality of aid so as to determine whether it impedes or promotes development. It is also in this section where alternatives to aid are briefly discussed before the conclusion of the es say is

Business report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Business report - Research Paper ExampleIn 1939, the kick in of the familiarity authentic a soft set ice flutter machine, becoming the first. By 1947, the pile was already franchising retail ice cream stores in the US. In the period of 1949 all through to 2010, the bon ton made various developments which have enabled its survival in the market. It developed a franchisee training seminar to educate its franchises, developed various ice cream products such as the flying saucer, Lo-Yo gelid yogurt, a line of all-Kosher products, Thinny-Thin frozen dietary desserts, among others developed later in the years. The company also created the idea of using ice cream vending vehicles, and introduced an ice cream supermarket. The corporation, after the death of the founder, relocated to Farmington Connecticut, where it developed branded freezers which were used to shit its ice cream products in various supermarkets. Various developments of products, sales strategies, and management acco mpany the progress of the company with the latest development at 2010. It introduced a new product Thick, Rich & Dreamy Low fat Ice Cream. The company has its headquarters in Atlanta, but has various franchises in 25 States and vii countries (The Carvel Corporation).Carvel products are categorized into three groups take home treats, cakes, and Carvel Special Ties. The company offers take home renewing treats, freshly made hand tipped ice cream, premium ice cream cakes, and soft serve ice cream. These are meant personal desires, anniversaries, birthdays, and special holidays. The companys ice cream cakes are give tongue to to be perfect for any occasion (The Carvel Corporation).Customer satisfaction is another factor. There are unalike features that customers look for in a product. In the case of ice cream, consumers will consider the flavors, melting quality, appearance, personate and texture, color, and influence quality. Provision of what the different customers prefer deter mines the demand of

Balance scorecard advantages Essay Example for Free

Balance circuit card advantages Essay1. More comprehensive measure The explanation of a more comprehensive measurement is a measurement of companys performance as superstar whole body with separately of the 4 perspectives. The company forget not consider just ace perspective as the standard of the company succeed, but it will consider the causal or joint relationship between all of those 4 perspectives.2. A balanced work The measurement reached by devising a balance scorecard which includes all of those 4 perspectives in the company whether in a short-time stage or long-time period creates an ability to see the balanced view of the company to make a strong strategy. The well-made balanced strategy itself will bring a good and balanced performance some(prenominal) for the company as an organization also for those 4 perspectives in the company.3. Creates a real measurement A balance scorecard allows the company to translate the strategy into specific measurement so the company have it away what it has been done, what it should do, and how the company plunder do the things specifically in order to achieve the target in the measurement. The measurement could also be used in the learning-process of the companys life.4. Increase efficiency The balance scorecard method facilitates communication and understanding about the business goals in each level of perspectives so those perspectives can examine what part of their strategy must be reduced in order to increase efficiency. It also can help the company to align the key performance measured to the business strategies in each level of perspectives. It also reduced the vast amount of information that the company IT systems process into essentials.5. Improve decisions and smash solutions Through the openness of communication, people are more freely to express and share their creative and rummy ideas. Beside that, the communication makes a transparency among the entire organizations. With a mix of crea tive ideas and better transparency will bring a company to achieve an improvement in the decisions making process. People can go bad and select the best method of how to achieve the business target through the entire organization.

Retrenchment Strategy Essay Example for Free

Retrenchment Strategy EssaySince the beginning of the US pecuniary crisis in 2007, regulators in the United States and Europe have been frustrated by the difficulty in identifying the danger pictorial matters at the largest and most levered financial institutions. Yet, at the time, it was unclear how such data might have been utilise to make the financial system safer. This paper is an attempt to surface simple ways in which this development can be used to understand how deleveraging scenarios could play out. To do so the authors develop and test a model to analyze financial sector stability under different configurations of leverage and risk exposure across banks. They then apply the model to the largest financial institutions in Europe, focusing on banks exposure to free bonds and using the model to evaluate a number of policy proposals to reduce general risk.When analyzing the European banks in 2011, they show how a policy of targeted equity injections, if distributed appropriately across the most systemic banks, can importantly reduce systemic risk. The approach in this paper fits into, and contributes to, a growing literature on systemic risk. Key concepts include * This model can simulate the outcome of various policies to reduce fire bargain spillovers in the midst of a crisis. * Size caps, or forced mergers among the most exposed banks, do not reduce systemic risk very much. * However, modest equity injections, if distributed appropriately between the most systemic banks, can cut the vulnerability of the banking sector to deleveraging by more than half. * The model can be satisfactory to monitor vulnerability on a dynamic basis using factor exposures. About module in this ArticleRobin Greenwood is a Professor in the Finance unit at Harvard handicraft School. *Author AbstractWhen a bank experiences a negative shock to its equity, maven way to recurrence to target leverage is to sell assets. If asset sales occur at depressed prices, then one banks sales may impact other banks with common exposures, resulting in contagion. We propose a simple material that accounts for how this effect adds up across the banking sector. Our framework explains how the distribution of bank leverage and risk exposures contributes to a mannikin of systemic risk. We compute bank exposures to system-wide deleveraging, as well as the spillover of a single banks deleveraging onto other banks. We show how our model can be used to evaluate a variety of crisis interventions, such as mergers of heavy and bad banks and equity injections. We apply the framework to European banks vulnerable to sovereign risk in 2010 and 2011.

Visual Arts And Literature Essay Example for Free

visual Arts And Literature EssayIn visual arts and literature, the consecrated and the blasphemous, separate entities in themselves go into one another, frequently producing a hybrid which gives rise to a new seculo- spectral genre. Despite of the doctrine of separation of the church building and state, roughly times it was the priests who were in charge of realityy other areas outside the religious acres such as education and politics. The far-reaching influence of the church had caused artists, musicians, architects, and authors to incorporate elements of the sacred in their perish. Also these practitioners had fervent, deeply-rooted convictions which consciously and unconsciously pervaded their break away. In the text Culture and Values Survey of the Humanities, the dual presence of both sacred and blue represents the union of two major spheres. Cunningham observes that the intermingling of secular with religious elements is thoroughly in accordance with metempsyc hosis ideals (Cunningham 291). Tiziano Vecelli (1473-1576) was a Renaissance artist who mingled the sacred and secular in his art pieces.His major masterpieces include The hypothesis of the virginal (1516), The Pesaro Madonna (1519-1526), Venus of Urbino (1538), Danae with Nursemaiden (1553-1556), Presentation of the Blessed Virgin (1539), and St. Peter the Martyr (1530). His fine life is characterized by the mixture, in one way or another, of Christian religious aspects with secular (and pagan) aspects. On one hand, one attests to Vecellis Marian devotion in his portraits such as The Assumption of the Virgin (1516-1518), which stands proudly in the Venetian basilica of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari and The Pesaro Madonna (1519-1526), placed at the Frari Basilica Chapel.The paintings laud Mary as a holy human intercessor and deity with the Child Jesus. industrious in the words are the worship of the saints, heavenly glory, and apostles, every in a posture of direful and sacre d reverence At the same time his voluptuous painting of Venus is Venus of Urbino (1538) exhibits the nude sculpture body of a woman poised in a supine position on her bed, with seductive airs. Venus is the pagan goddess of love, fertility, and sex practically depicted as a prostitute. Danae with Nursemaid besides derives from classical mythology.The art work demonstrates the naked Danae lying on a bed with her eyes heavenward and her maid Abbot Suger (1081-1151) is the one responsible for the rise of Gothic architecture and its popularity within the Christian church in the early ninth and tenth centuries. In the interpretation and construction of gothic constructions (secular) builders and theologians worked closely together (Cunningham 218). The coaction of both secular and sacred perspectives gives birth to gothic architecture which began in Paris and which celebrated the philosophical and theological traditions known as scholasticism (Cunningham 209).Suger functioned as the Abbey of Saint Denis and therefore the architecture served both for religious uplift and secular admiration. The fusion of the secular and the sacred is evidenced in the proliferation of literature in the chivalric and renascent times. The Summa Theologica, a literary and theological masterpiece, represents the hierarchical and synthetic religious secular humanism of the middle ages (Cunningham 232). compose by St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), the Summa Theologica sets forth the primary beliefs and dogma of the church explaining and confirming arguments for theocentrism and also containing humanisms doctrines.The scriptorium was the designated writing room within monasteries. Cunningham documents that from the seventh century on monastic scriptoria were busily engaged copying a wealth of material, both sacred and profane (Cunningham 193). Priests and friars wrote several essays, poems, and theses. Moreover in the Muslim tradition, one sees the fusion of the secular and the sacr ed. Islamic literature became a classic art mannequin where calligraphic depictions of sacred writings are etched on Muslim mosques. The art work symbolizes the Muslim fantasy of their God, Allah, who encompasses everything.These writings were often extracted from passages in the Quran. Observers in classic renaissance mosque bear witness to elaborate mosaics and geometric decoration (Cunningham 311). One major example of the Islamic artistic accomplishment is the Arabic script. The beautiful Arabic script was truely sacred as it read the holy words of the Muslim faith, however it in brief became both sacred and secular, as fine art. The Kufic script is one of the most beautiful earliest and most beautiful of Arabic calligraphy styles (Cunningham 176).The geometric lines of the Kufic script are distinctive since they boast vertical lines and shapes. The Catholic perform endorsed the double usage for humanist learning for secularist and spiritual reform (Cunningham 289). Humani stic and theological principles were interrelated in order to reconcile two divergent views where philosophy became spiritualized. Another artist who believed in the seculo-religious merger was Wassily Kandinsky who composed Concerning the phantasmal in Art (1911) and claimed that the source of all true art was the human soul (Cunningham 307).This view is in accordance with humanism where man is at the center of the universe (often represented as a man, centralized within a circle). A characteristic of Kandinskys work is his obsession with geometry, triangles, and circles. Concerning the Spiritual in Art, Kandinsky likens mans life as a triangular pyramid where the ultimate object is to achieve ascendancy at the top. Mans soul can either be fundament (at the bottom of the triangle or exalted at the zenith. This art system hearkens back to Leonardo da Vincis classical Vitruvian Man (1490) where the man is his own universe.This double dimensioned painting shows a naked man simult aneously with his legs apart and his legs together, and his arms apart in two positions. The homocentrtic man stands as his own quantify enclosed in a circle and square. Kalinsky also saw the spirituality of color for in his work he expressed the joyful, spiritually ecstasy in vivid and bright color versus the dark, melancholic color. However, there were opponents to the union of secular and sacred who held that both should be kept separate.The unity between sacred and secular was not a smooth transition nor was it a unanimous movement, the culture of the fifteenth century often was in fact a dialectical struggle at times classical ideals clashed with biblical ideals at other times the two managed to live in harmony or in a short-lived marriage of convenience. The strains of Classicism and Christianity interacted in complex and subtle ways (291). Catholic Emperor Justinian I was a fan of secular and sacred architecture. He personally directed the erection of several, elaborate cat hedrals with Byzantine designs.He helped construct many churches, convents, and palaces, namely, The Great Palace of Constantinople, Basilica Cistern, Church of St. Sophia, and Saint Apollinaire Nuovo. During the reign of Justinian, after the advantage of the old tribe, the Goths (from which one gets the word gothic), the art works of the conquered tribe became ornaments which were positioned within the churches. Cunningham testifies that gothic mosaics were added to the church when the building passed from the Goths into Byzantine hands (Cunningham 161).In Justinians time saw a marked proliferation of icon paintings which feature images of Christ and which commenced an iconic style. However, opponents to the incorporation of these icons rebelled to the new wave of art and thus became iconoclastic (thus the origin of the word). Justinian also had mosaics crafted of him and his wife, Theodora, called the Ravenna Mosaics. They portray the royal couple with divine auras around their heads which explain their religio-political views of divine right to rule.Movements within the church and religion rose up to keep the secular and the sacred separate. One such ardent novice of the seculo-religious combination is Girolamo Savonarola (1542-1498) who in an attempt to reform the church who embraced the secular, implemented book burning to expunge the indulgent material from the holy writings. As a passionate Dominican friar, his radical views were vehemently anti-Renaissance and anti-humanist. He disagreed with the secular literary that was gaining ground within the church.However, he was condemned a heretic, excommunicated, and martyred. Savonarola wrote spiritual meditations based on Psalms 50 and Psalms 51. The Church also proscribed certain writings and did not tolerate heretical teachings such as Galileos Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632). Galileo Galilei wrote Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) and following Copernicus, think that the su n was at the center of the universe. Galileos discoveries brought ecclesiastical censure and he was forced to recant in advance the inquisition.Facing a possible excommunication and martyrdom, Galileo chose to renounce his beliefs to preserve his life while the Catholic Church bans his book as a forbidden text. Two branches of Buddhism emerge in the thesis and antithesis of the secular and the sacred. The Hinayana is a more rigid form of Chinese Buddhism whereas Mahayana is more worldly and was attractive to Confucians. On the ascetic side, Hinayana apprehended Buddhist art (which) aimed to inspire spiritual meditation and a rejection of worldly values (Cunningham 129).The art work that emblemized the adherents austerity is the Fasting Buddha. The image of the Fasting Buddha embodied the command to renounce all worldly pleasures (Cunningham 120). This sculpture forms an essential part of Gandhara Art which represents a thin, gaunt man in a cross-legged seated position with a halo about his head, symbolizing the resultant enlightenment. This antique shows Siddhartha who fasted for 3 months, denying himself and meditating.The monasteries which supported Mahayana grew faster and were patronized by the wealthy elite classes. Hinduism also contains a hybrid literature which included Hindu sacred text as well as secular tastes. The Gitanjali is an anthology of poems translated into English from the original Vedic manuscripts where its author, Rabindranath Tagore wrote the anthology which signifies an offering of songs. The poetry still retains its strong religious connotations nevertheless, it speaks of and brings together both worlds of the secular and the sacred.in 1913, Tagore won the Nobel Prize for literature for Gitanjali, a collection of poems based upon traditional Hindu themes (Cunningham 314). The work typifies a drawing together of two bodies the male and the female and at the same time uses this sexual tomography to relay information about the ultim ate mystery of mans spiritual union with the divine. In sum the joining of the secular and the sacred tells that although disparate in nature these dichotomies manage to combine and form a powerful force in art and literature.One cannot deny that in order to not lose its peculiar characteristics and identity, strategies of separation between the secular and the sacred have been executed. Holiness ought to be continue as holy and the secular as its worldly self. Difference can be necessary in order to prevent dilution and weakening of core principles which can be misplaced with frequent mixture.Works CitedCunningham, Lawrence S. whoremonger J Reich. Culture and Values A Survey of the Humanities, Wadsworth, Boston, 2006.

The Audit Report and Internal Control Evaluation Essay Example for Free

The Audit Report and familiar Control Evaluation EssayAn audit has been pass with flying colorsd for Apollo situation as of December 31, 2005 and 2006, and the associated income statement, sh atomic number 18holders equity, cash flows and complete income. My firm has reviewed the organizations assessment, comprised in the associated spread over of management on Commercial Reporting, in which Apollo Shoes bear on definite inbred get a line as of December 31, 2006, founded on standards recognized in internal nurse. The management team of Apollo Shoes is accountable for the monetary reports, for sustaining current internal simplenesss, and appraisal of internal control regarding financial reporting. It is our duty to communicate an unbiased view on these financial reports, assessment by management, and the improvement of the organizations internal control sustaining the financial report. My team has organized our inspections in conjunction with the principles of the ex istence Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB).We strategically planed and enforced the audit to acquire practical assurance. Regardless, the tangible internal control consisting of fiscal reporting was sustained in all respects of materiality or whether financial reports are without material misstatement those standards that the PCAOB welcome put into place are required in regularize to plan and prepare for a proper audit. Our review of the financial reports entrust consist of proof promoting the totality of assets and disclosures in the financial reports, investigating all details in their entirety, evaluating the superior generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and estimating the general arrangement of financial reports. During the audit we obtained a comprehension of internal control over Apollo Shoes monetary reporting, and we appraised managements valuation. We preformed all services and procedures as we felt necessary. We tested and assessed the proposal a nd the internal controls operating usefulness.These audits supply practical reasoning for the opinions concluded. We did not find it necessary to audit the financial reports for the year ended December 31, 2006 due to the financial reports being previously audited by other auditors whose report relates to the previous period. A procedure developed to supply justifiable guarantee regards to the fluency and consistency of financial recording and the planning of financial reports for external purposes in accordance with (GAAP) is an organizations internal control over fiscal recording. An organizations financial reporting that consists of internal control, contains those guidelines and processes that relate to the conservation of reports that truthfully and justifiably replicate the communications and natures of the companys assets and provide reasonable assertions that those transactions are record as required to authorize the research of monetary reports in agreement with GAAP.All r evenues and expenses of the organization are only being created in agreement with approvals of directors and management of the organization. These policies and procedures also implement practical assertion pertaining to the stifling or appropriate recognition of procurements unauthorized or nature of the organizations deliverions that may possess a quantifiable conclusion on the financial reports. Misstatements may not be avoided or find because of its subjective restrictions. Furthermore, additions of any assessment of usefulness to impending periods are governed due to the threat that controls possibly will develop insufficiencies due to alterations in circumstances, or that the degree of acquiescence with the guidelines or processes may depreciate.Apollo Shoes has alienated its chief customer and is in legal dispute with one of its clients that has resulted in a lawsuit for an number of $12,000,000 against the organization. The case is in the preliminary juncture but the org anization will provoke a tip of $10,000,000 minimum litigation in conjunction to the result of case. Due to these circumstances consequently the financial statements have not been adjusted. It is the firms opinion that the financial statements denoted in the previous paragraph present justly, in all quantifiable regards, the pecuniary situation of Apollo Shoes, INC. as of December 31, 2005 and 2006 and the outcomes of Apollos cash flows and procedures for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2006 in conjunction with GAAP.In addition, it is our opinion that Apollo Shoes sustained operative internal control and is legitimately stated in all material aspects established on the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) criteria. The additional financial reports have been adjusted presuming the Apollo Shoes attains the incomes required to endure and function indefinitely. However, as discoursed in the financial statements notes, Apollo Shoes no longer does business with its major customer. This raises considerable uncertainty in the organizations capability to endure as a going concern. The financial reports do not contain any modification that might effect the conclusion of this conjecture. Anderson, Olds and Watershed Certified Public Accountants CPA, inhering Audit November 26, 2012 Anderson, Olds and Watershed Certified Public Accountants Shoetown, ME 0001

Fresh Water Essay Example for Free

Fresh body of body of urine supply EssayThe greatest similarity between youthful and brininess weewee is that both are basically the same chemical pissing, although the contents of another(prenominal) materials change state in it differ. Both take hold slightly fall dissolved chemical in it though the quantities vary. Both form different links in the body of water supply cycle of the nature. Both are homes to aquatic life. Difference Salt water contains much higher quantities of dissolved chemicals as compared to fresh water. This higher concentration of chemical also raises the density of brininess water to a higher place that of fresh water. Plant and animals living in two types of water bodies are different. Salt water is frame only as large standing bodies of water. Most of these are in form of seas and nauticals, although though close to lakes including very large adepts considered to be sea also contain season water. Fresh water is plunge in stand ing bodies of water called lakes, as well as running water as in rivers and streams. Fresh water is available in many other forms such as in rain, and scratch caps in the poles and in very cold places. even so no fresh water is found in seas and oceans.Fresh water is used for foxing as well as many industrial processes. However salt water is generally not suitable for most of the industrial use except for cooling. On the other hand salt water is used as a source of some chemicals, peculiarly common salt. Freshwater does not yield any such chemicals. Comparing Fresh water and ocean water, each has their differences. Most notable is animals living in each. The animals that blend in the Salt ocean water would not survive in fresh water for an extended length of time. Same holds true for fresh water animals.However there are a few species that have adapted and can live in both. Some Salt water animals have also evolved to live in Fresh water. humanity cannot drink ocean water wit hout dying. The salt in it dehydrates you to the point you die of thirst. In gild to drink ocean water you have to desalinate it in one of many charges. Boiling it cosmos one way. Ocean water also contains every natural element on the planet. If we could take chances a way to mine the water that is cost effective, we would have a banding more resources. Ocean water freezes at 26 degrees F and fresh at 32.While only 6 degrees difference in water terms that is huge. It prevents a vast totality of the oceans from freezing over in the winter, of course global heat has helped with that. As for your comment of only 3% of the worlds oceans is fresh water, it is very true. While there is a lot of surface area of fresh water the oceans are miles deep. The deepest point on Earth is approx 35,000ft below sea aim or about 6. 75 miles down. Many of the deepest lakes only hit about 2000 to 3000 ft deep. withal when you compare the surface area of the fresh water bodies comparies to the o ceans there isnt much.The great lakes between Canada and the regular army contain 20% of all fresh water on the planet. That is enough water to cover the entire USA with 9. 5 feet of water. When compared to the oceans that isnt much. So dont be surprised. Fresh water is lighter than salt water. Therefore, fresh water floats on top of salt water. This principle becomes extremely important when considering the drilling of a well in order to tap into the ground water of any island. The weight of the rain water that percolates into the ground depresses the salt water beneath it forming a profile that has the appearance of a lens.This is called the Ghyben-Herzberg lens. The principle of this relationship was discovered independently by a Dutch scientist named Baden-Ghyben and a German scientist named Herzberg. The underground boundary that separates the fresh water layer from the salt water is not a sharp boundary line. In reality, this boundary is a transition order of brackish water (fresh/salt mixture). This is caused by seasonal fluctuations in rainfall, tidal action, and the amount of water being withdrawn either by humans or by natural discharge. Fresh water has a density of 1. 0 while salt water has a density of 1. 025.From this, you can see that salt water is slightly heavier than fresh water. The ratio between the two is 4140. The formation of the Ghyben-Herzberg lens has a profound effect upon the availability of fresh water on an island. This principle essentially states that for every origination of ground water above sea level there are forty feet of fresh water below sea level The mathematical formula for the fresh to salt water relationship is hs = hf / es ef where hs is the depth of fresh water below sea level, hf is the depth of fresh water above sea level, es is the density of salt water, and ef is the density of fresh water.Using the common density figures for fresh and salt water the formula can thus be simplified into hs = hf / . 025 encou nter that this applies only to fresh ground water that is sitting directly on an intruded body of salt water. It has no meaning on a large island where an inland body of ground water whitethorn be confined by layers and dikes of lava rock. On islands that are largely composed of dense lava rock, little if any salt water intrudes very far into the underlying rock structure. It is generally only in shoreline regions that salt water intrudes into the cracks, crevices, and loose rock spaces.On low, small islands that are largely composed of coral or other porous materials, salt water intrusion into the underlying interior is quite common. The drilling or withdraw of wells on these islands and especially on along the shoreline must be done with care. Going excessively deeply will penetrate the transition zone and result in salt water infiltration and the contamination of the fresh water in the well. I have seen such a well cut into in solid lava rock along the shoreline in the Ka u D istrict on the island of Hawaii. This well was delineate(p) a few feet above the high tide line approximately a hundred feet from the ocean.The theory was rectangular, about 3 1/2 feet wide, and 6+ feet long. On one end a set of stairs had been cut into the rock allowing one to walk down five or six feet to the level of the well water. This well was unused as there are no dwellings or settlements in the conterminous area. In fact, the area was considered to be range land where a few head of cattle managed to find enough to eat in this dry, desert-like environment. The size and construction of the well indicated that at one time it may have served a considerable number of people and possibly even an old Hawaiian village. alas the well had been abandoned and neglected.It contained a fair amount of decaying leaves and grass. There was also a considerable amount of broken glass from beer bottles that had been thrown against the interior sides of the well. This was probably done by s hore fishermen who frequented the area from time to time and used the well as a convenient trash dump during evening populate parties. Nonetheless, the well serves as an excellent example of the Ghyben-Herzberg lenss importance to the availability of fresh water in a place where one might think that none can be found. I already had listed some differences of salt water versus fresh water so here are some similarities

Adult Education Essay Example for Free

Adult Education EssayAdults dont learn in the same way as children do beca lend oneself their personality structure is almost fully developed at that stage in their lives, along with a series of habits and practices that have been acquired during their lifetime. Therefore, the learnedness process must take into account how an adult perceives not only if what is being taught, but also themselves this includes, but is not limited to considering their previous learning experiences, considering their temporal horizon especially when it comes to short term application of what is being taught, and matching education to their problems, needs, interests and expectations. The principles of adult education atomic number 18 1)Adults testament only learn when they want to. Simply put, no adult will learn downstairs pressure. They must be motivated to want to acquire new acquaintance or skills that will attend them in their work or day-to-day life. Thus, their desire to learn can dec rease or emergence depending on the approach and methodology that is being used. 2)Adults only really want to learn that which will second them in the short term. Adults will only learn when they feel they need to. Basically, whatever attained knowledge will only make sense if the adult can see the applicability of what is being in condition(p) 3)Adults learn by doing.No adult enjoys being fed vast amounts of theory with little or no practice. As we grow older, we much prefer a hands-on approach to things. The learning will be much more effective if we can take an active role in the learning process. Thus its crucial to encourage objective discussion both in analyzing the problem and coming up with a solution. 4)Adults will only learn by solving problems they can associate with their reality. They focus on real world problems and practical assimilation of what is being taught. 5)Experience will interfere in adult education.Thus, any new information being presented must be integ rated with their own experience. 6)Adults learn better in an informal environment. They require a more relaxed atmosphere one that will stimulate them to participate, 7)Adults need feedback. its important that learning process provide adults with constructive feedback, through self-evaluation questionnaires and activities. 8)Adults require a variety of teaching methods. The use of audiovisual materials is highly recommended with use of interactive activities such as role-playing, mock classes and presentations from the students.

Operations Management in Daimond Manufacturing Essay Example for Free

trading operations forethought in Daimond Manufacturing EssayDefinition Operation guidance is the activity of managing the resources which win and deliver cheeseparings and services (Slack et al, 2010). These activities commences from the truly initial w beion degree of discipline gathering right up to the final stage of consumer function of the product. E actu whollyy organisation does operation vigilance up to now if they do non nonice it. All plaques win dangerouss and/or services and to create goods and/or services, the ar localizement essential perform a number of trading operations which must be effectively and efficiently managed. 1. 2 Role of Operations directionOperations Management is of prime importance in wholly sectors, cells, functions, units and groups at bottom the organisation. An cheek is a corpse and according to the byplay dictionary, (http//www. businessdictionary. com/ interpretation/ form. html) a constitution is An bone up d, purposeful structure that consists of inter alluded and interdependent elements (components, entities, factors, members, parts etc. ). These elements continually influence one a nonher ( immediately or indirectly) to master(prenominal)tain their activity and the existence of the system, in order to chance upon the goal of the system. Read to a greater extent http//www. usinessdictionary. com/definition/system. htmlixzz2QSyXAP1f . All employees ar part of this system and fulfill a leak a common interest in tie the consumer to receive goods and/or services in the trounce way possible. So I walk on say all manager in every part of the transcription is to some extent an operational manager. According to James (2011), the role of operations counsel is to manage the geological fault of an organizations inputs into finished goods and services using mental performancees. attendes ar actually boon in all atomic number 18as of the organization from Human Resource to Fi nance to Marketing to procural etc. 1. The stimulant drug Transformation Output process Resources can either be transforming resources or transformed resources. later onward the transformation process is complete, transforming resources bind rise to transformed resources. According to James (2011), in that location argon 2 principal(prenominal) types of transforming resources * Facility which comprises of land, building, plant and equipment. * Staff which comprises of everyone entangled in the operation process. There ar 3 main types of transformed resources * Material. Transformation can be bodily (manufacturing), by location (transportation), by storage (w arhousing), or by ownership (retail). increase. Transformation can be by property (accountants information), by self- dominance (market research), by storage (libraries) or by location (telecommunication). * node. Transformation can either be material (plastic surgery), by storage (hotel accommodation), by locat ion (air parameter transport), by physiological state (hospital), or by psychological state (entertainment). stimulant drug Output Input that get bulge break through be transformed * Material * data * Customer Input that volition transform * sight * Facility * Goods * Services Transformation Input OutputInput that willing be transformed * Material * data * Customer Input that will transform * People * Facility * Goods * Services Transformation render 1 The Input-Transformation-Output process 2 Operations Strategy 2. 1 Definition Strategy is delimitate by Johnson et al, (2008) as the cathexis and scope of an organization over the ample term exemplificati yet, which matches its resources to its changing environment and in specific its markets, nodes or clients so as to meet s haltholder expectations. 3. 2 Levels of Strategy Strategy can be viewed from 3 levels which areThe Corporate level This level minds at the extensivesighted term position of the play along. I t answers questions exchangeable where will the organization be in 10 eld? Or are we going to arrange a spick-and-span product in a smart market? The Business level This level insures at the market and is c at a timerned with the goods and services which the organization has to offer. It answers questions like how do we compete? The Functional level This level deals with the functional aspect of the organization like finance, marketing, human race resource etc. It answers questions like how do we manage our financial resources. . 3 Operations Strategy Operations strategy is the total pattern of decisions which shape the long-term capabilities of any operation and their contri plainly whenion to overall strategy, by dint of the reconciliation of market requirements with operations resources (Slack and Lewis, 2011). A 5 stair structure has been institutioned by hammock (2005) so as to design and understand a good operation strategy. The steps are as follows 1. Define Cor porate Objectives Here, long term objectives are set-up so as to breach the company offset and a good direction.At this stage, spark off does environmental scanning and the company too looks at its stub competences, core processes and its global objectives. exploit Indicators (KPIs) are also established here so as proctor the accomplishment of these objectives. Top management part ups a number of models which includes PESTEL, SWOT and Porters 5 forces. picture appendix A. 2. Set Marketing Strategies Here Sparkle identifies the market it wants to compete in and hence it looks on how to compete in these markets. Ansoffs matrix is used. New intersection point Existing Product NewMarket diversification Market DevelopmentExisting Market Product Development Market Penetration/ Market evolution date 5 Ansoff Matrix. interpretded player Kaplan Financial Ltd, 2008. Sparkle uses the market penetration/market growth lane for now. With term, they will start manufacturing out of the UK thus implementing the market development strategy. It is yet not slamn if they are thinking of one day starting up the occupation of a new product. 3. How do we pretend warring advantage? At this stage of Hills structure, the organization is to find shipway to authorize its product win other(a) products in the market.For this to happen, the organization must nonplus a base to generate its competition and this base is comm all one or more(prenominal) of the avocation doing objectives speed, superior, personify, depend office and flexibility. probe chapter 3. Sparkle uses the above performance objectives to gain competitive advantage moreover it must be renowned that, competitive advantage must * Be real * Add value (to the consumer) and * Be difficult to imitate. 4. lead a delivery system Here, the organization has to choose an appropriate delivery system so as to meet up with speed and maybe dependability. In Sparkle, nigh orders are icked up by the customer but if not, Sparkle uses their vans which ache a high level of security for close distances or they hazard the jewellery for faraway distances. 5. Choose your Infrastructure The company at this phase has to choose all demand infrastructures that it has to obtain so as to gain an limit over its competitors in the market. Different organizations in various industries will sine qua non distinct types of infrastructures. But in the baseball baseball field assembly industry, the infrastructures are almost the same(p) and can hardly give competitive advantage. 3 Performance ObjectivesIn the present congested and very competitive business environment, companies must do something extra so as to stand out of the crowd. For them to do this, they must react to what customers value and these fall into the following category. They are called performance objectives. 1. Cost 2. property 3. dependableness 4. Reliability 5. Speed Sparkle is aware of the tight competition in the rhomb market and it takes its performance objectives very seriously so as to gain competitive advantage. Before achieving the above performance objectives, they must achieve the 4 Cs (see appendix B). * Cost.The principle of toll is doing things cheaply. Sparkle changes its processes, its materials and its suppliers every now and then so as to operate on a lower equal scale. They misdirect rough ball fields directly from the companies who buy them from the mine and sometimes the look at orders directly from the mine so as to reduce cost because the more intermediaries there are, the higher the final price. They sometimes buy more rough rhombuss than what the actually need so as to gain discount for bulk buying. They automate most of their processes to reduce the number of hours constructed by human beings thus reducing total wages. Quality. This involves producing durable high standard error-free goods that consumers perceived to the good. In the trend business, caliber is king because consumers are becoming more conscious of what they wear. ace can say that everything in the diamond industry is of good quality so in this kind of high standard industry, quality is not the issue but superb quality. Sparkle buys the crush of the rough stones which are hand-picked one after(prenominal) the other so that their final product will be of the best quality and they will have very little waste during production. * Dependability.This is doing everything on time so as to keep commitments and promises made to customers. Sparkle has a track record and reputation of never keeping its customers cargo holding. Customers diamonds are incessantly fully neat to begin with the pick-up picture. Customers love coming to this organization because they know they can rely on them when it have it aways to delivery. There was a scandal in March 2008 in Real Diamonds where a couple arrange for their wedding go costing thousands of pounds to be fabricate but the compan y was unable to meet up with the due date so the couple had to use unlike rings for the wedding. Flexibility. This is being able to change what you produce or how you produce it. Sparkle is very malleable in regards to their products because they produce apparently anything requested by the customer. We fleece ourselves on being unlike, you wont find our jewelry unspoiled anywhere, we appreciate that you want something peculiar(prenominal) to you (Source sparlediamonds. com/ slightly). They manufacture dressing rings, marriage rings, engagement rings, necklaces, earrings, bracelets, bangles and designers jewelry out of diamond.Over the years, they have come up with different diamond designs thought by others as impossible and have now gained a disclose as being the company that uses diamond to manufacture anything and everything. On the other hand, their production process is flexible too but not very flexible. They change little bits of their production process all the time t o abscission down cost and to increase the quality of the diamonds but this change is never a full-size change (process improvement). foretell 5 Different items made out of diamond. Source * Speed.This can be expound as how responsive an organization is to the customers demands and complain. It is a mea honest-to-goodness of the time between a customers order or complain to the time when that customers order or complain is take out fully. Sparkle is very fast in dealing with complains. Any customer who comes to the company with a complaint is not allowed to leave when the matter concerned has not been resolved. Complains made online take a uttermost of 2 running(a) days to be dealt with and those by post takes a little more time. common fig 5 Different colors of diamond. Source 4 Product conception . 1 Definition Product/service design is the process of defining the stipulation of products and/or services in order for them to run into a specific market need (Slack et al, 2009). According to Russell and Taylor (2009), new product designs can provide a competitive edge by clearing new ideas to the market quickly, doing a better job of square(a) customers unavoidably, or being easier to manufacture, use and repair. Product design is of great importance in any organization because consumers are becoming more and more conscious of the products they consume and their contents.Almost everybody in the organization is involved in product design because bringing in a new product design is not just roughly the market requirement but it is also about anticipating future demand and this needs imagination and creativity. In coming out with a good product design, market requirements, technical issues, cost, quality, coronation information and the target market must be con sidered and dealt with appropriately. Diamond design step by step Various steps are followed when coming out with a good diamond design. 1. Generating Ideas Ideas to bring up a new diamond d esigns can come from anywhere and comes from everywhere.Some organizations look only inside the organization and come up with a diamond design but this go on is very redoubted because it can good back fire leading to a poor design. Ideas in Sparkle usually come from * The customers who will use the product. Most at times, the customer comes to the organization with a design in mind. The design team in the organization then sits with the customer and adds ideas to perfect the customers request. * The employees who function the customers. These groups of persons know aimly what customers wants because they are the people who take customers specifications, demands and complaints.They play an important role in the conception of a new design. * Competitors and any new technology. Sparkle sometimes looks at the designs of its competitors like Avi Paz and tries to modify it so as to create something better than theirs. * Research and Development (RampD) Department. One of their major roles in the organization is to look for new possible designs which will entice customers. It is at this stage that the diamond color, size, weight, cut grade, clarity grade, karat weight, laser inscription and shape is decided. Figure 4 Computer simulated diamond calculating in progress.Source www. sparklediamonds. com 2. Product Screening According to Slack et al (2009), not all concepts and ideas generated will be capable of being developed into products and/or services. Each idea generated is taken and examined to see whether or not they are pleasant, feasible and vulnerable. Fig 5 illustrates. Figure 5 Some typical evaluation questions for marketing, operations and finance. Evaluation Criteria Marketing Operations Finance Feasibility Is the market likely to be big lavish? Do we have capabilities to produce it? Do we have access to sufficient finance to develop and launch it? Acceptability How much market share could it gain? How much will we have to reorganize our activ ities to produce it? How much financial return will there be on our investment? Vulnerability What is the bump of it failing in the market lay out? What is the risk of us being able to produce it acceptable? How much money could we lose if things do not go as planned? Fig 5 Slack et al (2009) Some typical evaluation questions for marketing, operations and finance e-book p. 89 3. Preliminary Design At this stage, the design is reviewed by the cutters and polishers to see if the can really produce the diamond and any inessential complexity in the diamonds design is eliminated because such complexities can build cost. For example there are some unnecessary and unnoticed cuts in a diamonds design but these cuts could split the whole diamond if not done carefully. Because customers will not even notice the special cuts and even if they do, they will not be willing to pay an addition for it so the cuts are eliminated.Figure 4 Different diamond designs (drawing). Source Figure 4 D ifferent diamond designs. Source 4. utmost Design After all the above has been done, a prototype is then created out of glass and well-tried to see if it meets market requirements, technical requirements and the financial limit. Tangible prototypes are created and virtual ( ready reckoner simulations) model too to aright assess the diamond sooner production goes any set ahead. Sometimes, customers are called in to see the prototype and give their feedback from which some ordinatements may be made on the products design.An after acceptance, diamond pillowcase commences. Figure 5 Prototype diamond made out of fine glass. Source 5 Process Design 5. 1 Definition Process design is Sequence of interdependent and linked procedures which, at every stage, consume one or more resources (employee time, energy, machines, money) to convert inputs ( entropy, material, parts, etc. ) into end products. These outputs then serve as inputs for the future(a) stage until a known goal or end te rmination is reached (www. businessdictionary. com). Read more http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/process. tmlixzz2QTQAtoBi When deciding a product design, it is advisable to simultaneously come up with a matching process design. This will entail the flow of the process and Barnes (2008) said that the design of processes is different in all organizations and these designs will be based on the volume and variety of the demand for the product in the market. He encourage categorized the processes under project, jobbing, batch, line and continuous. Types of Processes There are different production processes namely project, jobbing, batch, line and continuous. image Appendix C.Sparkle is in a business of very expensive products which are very infinitesimal in size so they do jobbing. Customers usually give orders which are produced by the company ( move over to order). They usually hold little or no fully- neat inventory. The Production Process Diamond ore is sorted by clo seness using X-rays. Before that technology became usable, grease belts were used to separate diamonds from the rest of the ore, due to the diamonds greater mark than other minerals to stick to grease. Rough diamonds are then set to be cut as gemstones in the acidulated laboratory.A diamond has different cuts and different professional specialize on different cuts. This is the most daunting task of diamond production because a meritless cut will cost the company a fortune. Figure 5 Diamond plan before cutting. Source Cutting produces the facets associated with a diamond. The angles of the facets increase light, giving the diamond its grea examine possible luster (dispersion of white light). The cutting process can take as much as 50% of a rough diamonds weight. Figure 5 Illustration of diamond facets. Source A number of factors come into play when deciding how a diamond should be cut.X-rays are employed to analyze the stones crystallographic structure, its hardness and ability to cleave. The diamonds f jurisprudences are considered, and the cutter decides which to remove and which can remain. Either a hammer or a diamond saw can be used to split the diamond the hammer is quicker, but the saw is positive(predicate)r. Figure 5 Diamond cutting. Source A number of institutes in the diamond industry offer courses for diamond cutters, but the bulk and most crucial part of the dressing for this delicate trade take place during the cutters apprenticeship.A diamond may get its final cut from many skilled hands the diamond marker or designer the diamond sawyer the diamond cutter or brute the cross-worker and the brillianteer. After the initial cutting, diamonds undergo the fancify stages, usually performed by a technician as the process is a standard one. Polished diamonds are reexamined for flaws, which can be addressed done enhancement techniques or disguised when set in jewelry. Figure 5 Diamond Polishing. SourceFinally, the clarified diamonds are sold to individuals, retailers, wholesalers and jewelry shops. Figure 5 Diamond quality check. Source 6 jut outning, dominance amp Innovation In any good type of project or manufacture to be successful, it must be planned at the very beginning and at the end, it has to be controlled to make sure that the planned processes and cost is not very different from the actual. Businesses must also always innovate so as to move line to line with the changing tastes of consumers and to beat numerous designs from competitors. 6. 1 cookingEur says this about planning It lists the phases and encapsulates all the main parameters, standards and requirements of the project in terms of time, cost and quality/performance by setting out the Why, What, When, Who, Where, and How, of the project. Planning therefore looks at the entire process, product and project but in an imaginary form which has not yet happened but it is wished that it should happen that way. 6. 1. 1 Advantages of Planning 1. It gives di rection of what has to be done and how it has to be done. 2. It assigns responsibilities on every person thus answering Who does what? 3. A good plan will see problems a project, product or process will encounter before the problem strikes. 4. A plan helps us to manage cost, quality and design side by side with the profit we will want to make on the product. 5. Plans are used to assess how well a product, process, project or person has done. 6. 1. 2 Disadvantages of Planning 1. It is usually made up by carrousel management and given to the employees down the management ladder who just follow it. 2. Plans are usually followed to the latter. charge when some changes have to done, it is not because a plan is being followed. 3.Plans are usually just estimates and it has no use in turbulent economic environments as the plan and the actual are usually very different. 6. 2 Control Control involves measuring the actual results against the plan and then taking achievement to adjust actual performance so that it moves in line with the plan. So in other words, control is only possible when we have a plan. Control has a feedback phase and this involves adjusting the actual to move in line with the plan or reporting deviances between actual and budget so that there may be no such discrepancies in the future. 6. 3 InnovationInnovation is defined by the oxford dictionary as changing something established by introducing new methods, ideas or products. Just like there is no control where there is no plan, there is no innovation where there is no control. They all rely on one another. After control has been done, feedback is sent back and improvement or innovation is made. But in the complex business environment operating now, innovation just not just come from within the company but from outside the company like from competitors and especially from the consumers due to the rapid change in customers taste, design and mould.In the diamond manufacture industry, there are ma ny different innovative ways manufacturing diamonds and Sparkle has had the following innovations 1. The Supercut design Sparkle has introduced the innovative supercut design into the industry a patented ideal emerald cut, with more than twice the facets of a traditional Emerald providing unparalleled brilliance and fire. The culmination of three years of research, the supercut gives grotesque brilliance and reflection and this innovation gives Sparkle competitive advantage in terms of having good designs with wonder workings glittering. 2. Precision cuttingSince 2010, Sparkle has brought in a technology of cutting the diamonds using computer computer software program and this cut is so exact that less than 0. 000002% waste is created from diamond cutting. Waste use to be about 0. 5% during diamond cutting and this innovation has caused drastic cost saving qualification Sparkle to be more competitive in terms of cost. 3. Sparkle offers a roomy range of jewelry manufacturing p rocesses, including design, modeling, prototyping, grooving, setting, finis and meticulous quality control all featuring our own fine diamonds, and designed for clients to sell under their close labels. . 4 The Planning Control Innovation Cycle. From the above notes, it can be seen that planning, control and innovation work together. Sparkles cycle looks like this. Plan Procurement of unrefined stones. Process the stones into fine diamond. grass and make a reasonable gain. Actual Procurement of unrefined stones. Process the stones into fine diamond. Sell and make a reasonable gain. Control Looks at the difference between what was planned and what actually happened. External Information Customer specific design New tastes and fashion Design from competitorsMarket Research (RampD) Feedback and Innovation Plan Procurement of unrefined stones. Process the stones into fine diamond. Sell and make a reasonable gain. Actual Procurement of unrefined stones. Process the stones into fine diamond. Sell and make a reasonable gain. Control Looks at the difference between what was planned and what actually happened. External Information Customer specific design New tastes and fashion Design from competitors Market Research (RampD) Feedback and Innovation Figure 7. The planning-control-innovation cycle. 6. Changes happening in the diamond industry. * Researchers are on the verge of bringing in new materials which reflect light better than diamond and these materials are stronger and more durable than diamond. But, they will be far cheaper than diamonds and this is going to be a big problem to diamond manufacturers as the demand for diamond will surely drop. An example is synthetic stones. * In response to growing concern over illicit trade in conflict or blood diamonds, the United Nations planetary Assembly established the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme in 2003.This scheme is going to make sure of the source of every single diamond so as to ensure that they are from a genuine source. This happening will increase the price of diamond because more than 55% of diamonds are from Africa and the mines there are operated by very cheap labor and sometimes by slaves, women and children. The UN will come in and cylinder block this practice thus increasing the cost of labor, working conditions and ultimately the price for diamonds. 7 Quality Management Quality is one of the performance objectives and it is taken very seriously by all organizations because if achieved, may give them competitive advantage.Some organizations rely on quality more than others and the fashion and health industry takes quality as primary considering the fact that people want to look good and in good health. Quality is a matter of perception so what can be called quality for A might not necessarily be called quality for B. According to Garvin (1984), the attributes in quality for a product are * Performance * Features * Reliability * Conformance * Durability * Serviceabilit y * Aesthetics * Other perceptions Parasuraman et al. (1985), on the other hand listed 5 attributes in defining what is quality of a service? nd they are * Reliability Are we always going to get on time delivery? * Responsiveness Are the always going to reply quickly to our demands and complaints? * Assurance Are we assured of their competence? * Empathy Does the organization feel and understand customers needs and concerns? * Tangibles Is the physical surrounding conducive? 7. 1 Quality in the Organization But in relation to Sparkle, the best definition of quality is that as per Slack et al. (2009) quality is consistent conformance to customers expectation and I will say and even surpassing those expectations.Sparkle uses total quality management as their quality management technique. They look for means and ways to maintain and continuously improve quality at each stage of the production process. All employees meet once a calendar month to discuss on how to improve the organ izations present performance. Books by Deming, Crosby, Juran, Hill and other total quality management gurus are in the companys library and research department for employees to read and be motivated to contribute into the organizations performance. All employees are made to know that quality and customers requirements being met comes before any other thing.The organization has a suggestion box where employees can write any shake idea that comes in mind and this box is emptied every day and read by the research provide and it is summarized and sent to the manager examine. 7. 2 The Cost of Quality Quality has a cost which is like a double-edged sword meaning that good quality will have a cost and bad quality will also have a cost. 7. 2. 1 The Cost of Good Quality This is also known as the cost of quality assurance. Sparkle has a lot of this cost because they are continuously always trying to get better in quality all over the organization so as to better serve customers needs.The co st of quality assurance is further divided into prevention cost and appraisal cost. * Prevention cost is the cost of trying to make everything right on first hear and some of this cost are * Sparkle does not give a command for precious stones and wait for the stones to come. They go to the suppliers premises and pick the stones one after the other and not in groups to ensure the best stones are taken. The supplier charges more for this. * The cost of designing the jewelry in a computer automate system and running several checks with other very expensive bespoke software before the design is confirmed. Sparkle trains its employees every 6 months and buys books to update them on new technologies and to keep their skills up and awake. * All employees are taught a wide variety of skills so that if a certain employee is not available to do a specific thing, there will always be another to do it. * estimate cost is concerned with controlling quality and this is achieved by experimenti ng the process before the product is manufactured and testing the product before it gets to the customer. Some of these costs are * The cost incurred in testing all equipment, machines and ensuring staffs are fit and able before any diamond is processed. The cost of checking the diamond after manufacture by employees and with the use of a computer aided personalized software which is very expensive to make sure that the diamonds are flawless. * The time spent in testing the diamonds ensuring the pass all the set of test before and after manufacture. 7. 2. 2 The Cost of Bad Quality All organizations including Sparkle wants to evade this cost because it is very dangerous and it can even bring down the entire organization in a blink of an eye. The cost of bad quality is divied into familiar failure cost and external failure cost. intimate failure cost is cost incurred before the product reaches the customer. Some of this cost are * The cost of scrap. Diamonds are very expensive so an y little scrap of badly shaped diamond is expending a whole lot. So Sparkle makes sure the best quality diamond is procured and diamond cutting should be not less than perfect. * The cost of reshaping ill-shaped diamonds and gluing broken once. * The resources lost in repairing diamonds. ram, machine time, and electricity are used which should have if the diamonds were made right the first time. External failure cost arises after the product has been received by the customer and some of this cost include * The cost listening to customer complaints and responding to them. * The cost of replacing a defective diamond which a customer has rejected. This can cause the organization a fortune. * The customer might have to take the company to court and the organization will pay a huge sum if the lost the lawsuit. Some compensation may run to millions of pounds and could bring the organization to its end. * One of the most dangerous costs is that which we dont see.An example is the lost s ale and contribution. When a customer is dissatisfied, he will most at times not want to come back and he will discourage a potential customer who will discourage another customer to come to us. Saying all this, quality should be treated like an egg in the midst of rocks. 8 Supply strand Management 8. 1 Definition Supply Chain is the management of the interconnection of organizations that relate to each other finished upstream and downstream linkages between the processes that produce value to the ultimate consumer in the form of products and services (Slack et al. 2010). A supply chain is a holistic network starting from the sourcing of material, through its transportation to the organizations premises, to manufacturing, to storage and warehousing and finally to consumers. So it is a whole system and it works as one therefore is one part of the chain is broken, the whole system will fall apart and consumers will not be satisfied. 8. 2 Sparkles Supple Chain grade 1 Sparkles suppl y chain starts from the diamond mines in Africa which produce more than 50% of total diamonds to mines in India, Russia, Canada and Australia.The mines usually dug very deep but the deepest diamond mine runs for about 160km passing through sand, rocks, and gravel to be blasted drilled, crushed and processed. It should be noted that only 20% of diamonds from mines can be polised and used for jewelry the rest is used for industrial use. The stones picked here are very rough still with no beauty (see figure 10). Stage 2 Companies and independent buyers go to these mines and buy the rough stones from the mine owners and take them to their premises for processing.These stones are then processed to make them a little bit more presentable so that diamond manufacturers can then buy them and further process them into diamonds. Diamonds at this stage looks like that in figure 11. Figure 8 Trapping stones to look for diamonds in an African mine. Source Figure 9 A typical unprocessed diamond. S ource Figure 10 Unprocessed diamonds directly from the mine. Source Figure 11 Diamonds which have been slightly processed. Source Stage 3 Sparkle buys the diamonds in fig. 11 and examines them with the use of a computer aided personalized software.After a series of checks, rejected diamonds will be sent back to the suppliers and the good ones will be cut into different shapes so as to give the greatest value. After cutting, the diamond goes through computer aided software to confirm its perfection and after this, it is polished and cleaned. Sparkle will also buy what the diamonds are going to be fitted on because people will scarcely buy a pile up of diamond. Diamonds are usually fitted on rings, pens, earrings, belts and many more (see figure 14). These things are usually bought from top manufacturers with good design and quality and they are usually very expensive.Figure12 Diamond cutting in Sparkle. Source Figure 13 Diamond polishing in Sparkle Source Stage 4 After polishing and the diamond have an unblemished shine, shape and color, it is then taken by the customers. Some of the customers ordered just a few and sometimes even just one special diamond while other big customers like jewelry shops order bigger quantities at ones. It is either Sparkle delivers the diamond to the place concord by the customer or the customer comes to the organizations site on an agreed date and after a phone call to pick up the diamond. The supply chain ends after the diamond has reached the customer.Figure 14 Finished diamond ready for the customer. Source Figure 15 Diamonds bought by jewelry shops. Source The Mine The Cutting phoner Polishing Customers Jewelry Shops Manufacturing The Mine The Cutting Company Polishing Customers Jewelry Shops Manufacturing The supply chain of Sparkle is a good and effective. Its success can sometimes be attributed to the information technology they use. They use the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system which brings in data from all sou rces and this is used to know when suppliers have diamonds and the variouse categories, to know when jewelry shops are running short of iamonds, and many more (all discussed in chapter 9). Figure 16 Sparkles Supply Chain 9 Information organizations As seen in chapter 1, Operation Management is the activity of managing the resources which produce and deliver goods and services (Slack et al, 2010). For these activities to be right on managed, it needs the help of automated process and computer aided techniques. Information systems are found end-to-end an organization and if used well reduce costs and can be a source of gaining competitive advantage. 9. 1 Computer back up Techniques Sparkle uses information systems in many ways in its business.Listed down the stairs are some specialized computer aided programs used. 1. They use Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) which gives an optimum layout of the cutting steps and their sequence (this is different for different diamonds). The re are many diamond cutting machines and they all have different cutting styles and they are operated by specialist in the different cutting sectors. So the CAPP examines a diamond and gives different possible steps on which machine to use first and which not to use so as to minimize waste and give the diamond the best possible cuts so as reflect light in an optimal way. 2.They use Computer Aided Designs (CAD) to design the shape of diamonds on a computer and finished diamonds can actually be seen even before processing starts. If an error is made in the design, it can be corrected but this could have been impossible without CAD. 3. The also use Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) which takes the drawings and designs from the CAD and test them for perfection. Different test are administered and the flawlessness of a diamond can be confirmed even before manufacture. 4. machine-controlled Material Handling (AMH) system is also used. Diamonds are very expensive and so care must be taken a t each step.The AMH system improves efficiency in diamond movement, storage and retrieval. 5. The laser Security System (LSS) is used where diamonds are kept be it rough stones, semi-processed diamonds and fully processed diamonds. Invisible laser rays crisscross the diamonds and it needs a password to be deactivated. Only top managers have the password and the password of each of them is different making it easy to know who accessed the diamond secure. If someone tries to pass through the laser rays, it can kill or paralyze them and the security al fort is automatically triggered and an automated call goes to the nearest police station. . Security Camera Systems (SCS) make use of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) at all times to monitor the whole building especially where inventory is held. 7. The Inventory Control System (ICS) gives detail information about each diamond rough, semi-processed or fully processed held in inventory at any point in time. Management must no go into the safe to see what they have in stock because the ICS does it all. This system is also used online to make customers see the diamonds, its specification and all other relevant information. Figure 16 The CAD system used to design a blue diamond.Source Figure 17 The virtual version of the diamond in fig 16. Source 9. 2 Pros and Cons of Information Technology (IT) IT is a very necessary tool in any organization be it a big or a small one. IT has advantages and disadvantages. They are listed in Appendix D including Why IT cannot replace Human Beings. 9. 3 Information Systems Information system can be defined as a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization (Laundon amp Laundon, 2006). Most organizations use some form of computer-based technology to accumulate, organize and distribute information (Ted, 2011) and Sparkle is not an exception. They use a set of interrelated information systems . 9. 3. 1 Transaction Processing System (TPS) This system is used to account for day by day proceedings of Sparkle. It records all sales, purchases, expenses, income, tax, bills paid, equipment bought and all other transactions performed by organization. This system is also used to account for employees attendance, absences, pay, overtime, bonuses, remuneration, and all other things concerning the employees. . 3. 2 Supply Chain System (SCS) This system deals with customers and suppliers. It monitors the stock in the jewelry shops so as to know when to give the shops an offer. It monitors the stocks which are demanded more and those demanded less so as to know when to produce. It tracks frequent and valuable customers and grades them into groups so as know how to give discounts. This system also monitors the stock in the cutting companies. It looks at the new stocks and compares price side by side quality so as to know which supplier to order rough diamonds from. 9. 3. 3 Knowledge M anagement System (KMS)In Sparkle, all manufacturing processes are recorded and stored in the KMS. Any ideas gotten either by inspiration, customers requirement, employees suggestions or business intelligence are stored in the KMS for future use. Sparkle is said to be very innovative and has this edge over its rivals because of its mastery of the KMS. When a new employees is recruited, he has 2 weeks probation where he is taught how to operate in the organization and how processes function. Before the implementation and use of the KMS, probation was 3 months so this system has greatly reduces learning time. 9. 3. Management Information System (MIS) This system takes all the information from the above systems and summarizes them into financial statements and reports. It is used by management to make decisions on how to run and control the business. 9. 3. 5 Decision Support System (DSS) This system looks like an reach of the MIS. It takes data from all sources (internal and external) and summarizes them for top management to make decisions on the long term plans of the organization. Information from this system appears as statements, reports, charts, graphs, ratios, statistics and trend analysis. . 3. 6 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) This can be called the overall system. It takes information from all sources of the organization and brings them together in one large database. From there, required information is taken out and enforced or used to make decisions in Sparkle. It should be noted that all other systems bank their information in ERP. Figure 18 Example of ERP. Source LSBF MBA Intake 14, SOM Lecture 3, Session 9, splay 34. 9. 6 Intranet and Extranet Sparkle uses intranets to deal with its employees and management.Staffs all have a particular passcode which the use and your code depends on your position within the company. Some passcodes can access some areas which other codes cant. They also use extranets to communicate and share information with c ustomers, suppliers, some competitors and the government. This system is more secured and less vulnerable to attacks as compared to the internet. 10 Job Design It is said that the blood stream of any organization is money and I will say the skeleton holding an organization and making it stand up straight is its hands.An organization manages resources so as to be able to deliver acceptable goods and services to its customers and one of these resources is its workforce. An organizations workforce is its most valuable and the most complicated of all its resources because unlike other resources, humans have a mind of their own. To be able to deal with human beings, you must know what they like and this is different for different people but these needs though different are similar. In providing this, it motivates the employees and when motivated, they produce better output eventually yielding higher profits, quality and flexibility. 0. 1 Motivation Motivation is the urge to take action to achieve something or to avoid something (BPP, 2010). Motivation can either be intrinsic ( absent to satisfy an internal urge like being happy to be able to help others) or extrinsic (reliant on tangible rewards like money, fame and power). Continues in Appendix E. 10. 2 Empowerment This is the act of delegating work to employees making them feel more superior because of the added responsibility and new accountability. This is good motivation for many employees. Job design is about how people carry out their tasks within a process.It defines the way they go about their working lives. It positions the expectations of what is required of them, and it influences their perceptions of how they contribute to the organization. It also defines their activities in relation to their work colleagues and it channels the flows of communication between different parts of the operation. But, of most importance, it helps to develop the culture of the organization its shared values, beliefs and a ssumptions (Slack, 2009). In designing any job, the following have to be put into consideration. * Safety.Jobs should be design in a way that it will bring no harm to the employee be it physical, psychological, mental or emotional harm. Workers in the mines especially those in Africa are exposed to a lot of risk and still earn less than the minimum wage. The mine owners wanting to make more profits cut down on cost by reducing expenditure on employees safety. The employees of Sparkle all have safety equipment like hats and new ideas are being employ to make the process safer. The organization has also fully insured its entire staff. * Legal and Ethical Issues.Jobs should be design in such a manner that those doing the job will not go against the law or their code of ethics. * Own time. Job design should create time for the employees to catch up on something other than work. For example visiting new places, being with their families or performing other social activities. Employees w orking in the mines have little of this, but Sparkles employees all have right to a paid holiday and taking permission to be out of work if the need arises. * Employees Ability. An employees ability to do the job or a range of task should be considered before designing the job.For example only heavy built men carry cargo from the trucks into the warehouse because of their physical ability to carry heavy weight unlike their colleagues. * Wage and Benefits In designing any job, the wage and benefits to be paid for the job should be considered if not the employee can be over-paid or under-paid for the job. 10. 3 Division of Labor Unlike traditional production approaches that stipulated that one person should know everything in the company so that he can serve any function, Henry Ford came in with the idea that one man should only know one thing and should be an expert in that thing.He suggested that with specializing in a particular function, the whole organization will be specialized and will give the best quality goods and services. So jobs should be broken down into smaller portions and given to different individuals who will specialize and bring frontwards quality cost-effective products. 10. 3. 1 Advantages of Division of Labor (Slack, 2009) * It is easier to learn. Short and simple tasks are easier to learn compared with long and complex tasks. This will be very advantageous when training new recruits because training will take a shorter time and it will be better mastered. Automating. Short and simple task are easily automated as compared to long and complex task. * Time. More time is spent on one long task compare to time if that task was broken down. This extra time is as a result of picking different tools up and putting them down, looking for equipment, thinking of what to do next etc. 10. 3. 2 Disadvantages of Division of Labor (Slack, 2009) * Monotony. The same small task will be repeated every hour, week, month and year. This will make the job bori ng and less fulfilling thus resulting to absenteeism, staff turnover and errors. Over-reliance. If one employee is absent, no other will be able to perform his duty and this may bring the whole production process to a halt. * No flexibility. Employees let to do one particular thing over the years turn to lose the skill of being able to learn another thing. So if the production process was to change, many employees will not be able to cope with learning how to perform a new task. * Physical Injury. The repetitive use of one part of your body lets say arm or wrist will in the long run cause pain to that part. This is known as Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI).Sparkle teaches their employees a wide range of task during their probation but the employees are assigned to do just one thing when they fully start work. Teaching them a wide range of task is to expose them to the processes of the whole organization so that they can contribute ideas in the development of a department or process wh ich does not involve them. Another reason for giving employees holistic training is to make an employee being able to do an absent employees work. This tactic was also implemented because the organization did not want an employee to feel indispensable. 0. 4 Job Design Approaches In coming out with a good job designing, the following approaches should be implemented- 1. Job Simplification The organization tries to the range of task and their complexities. Polishing diamond use to be a very complex task at Sparkle but with the introduction of DiamondShines TM a specialized software where diamond polishing is programmed with exact details. 2. Job Rotation This is periodically interchanging employees performing different task to do the task of the other.Sparkle does a lot of job rotation and this makes the employees job more exciting. Job rotation is successful in this organization because they train their employees to perform a number of task but if division of labor was strictly imple mented, this approach could have been impossible because employee A will not have a clue of employees Bs task. 3. Job Enlargement This involves integrating same level tasks to the ones already performed by the employees to make the job more exciting. This is not practiced in Sparkle. 4.Job Enrichment This involves integrating different level tasks to the ones performed by the employees. The new tasks are usually higher level tasks giving employees more responsibility and decision making power. Sparkle once a week picks an employee randomly and gives him the power of a supervisory manager so as to see the changes and innovations he is going to bring to the organization. Sparkle also makes employees work in small teams and the organization creates a competitive strain amongst the teams. The competition amongst the teams brings a lot of hard work, efficiency and effectiveness.