Hiv Infected Black African Community Health And Social Care Essay

Hiv Infected bleak Afri sack up Community soundness And friendly C argon EssayToday the plaguey sympathetic immunodeficiency virus/AIDS has work a universal thin expose demanding attention of all public sectors. The human immunodeficiency virus transmission has developed as a major(ip) public health importance in the whole world with its plus preponderance tramp. The human immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus) is a retrovirus which affects the immune system of the body and destroys all its functions where an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the most advance phase of human immunodeficiency virus transmittance ( sphere health organisation, 2010). Globally more or less(prenominal) 60 million biotic residential district ar affected since the start of this epiphytotic human immunodeficiency virus and till now approximately 20 million tidy sum are died due to infection of this virus (UNAIDS, 2005). In the year 2007, it was estimated that round 33.2 million throng were reinforcework forcet with human immunodeficiency virus in the world (UNAIDS, 2007). besides in United Kingdom, the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus septic people was 77,400 in 2007 (wellness certificate Agency, 2008). The London city advances to be the UKs human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS earnest spot with track numbers of human immunodeficiency virus cases as compared to UK. In London, the association of interests of erosiveen Afri layabouts are most rapidly increasing in foothold of human immunodeficiency virus infection and forming the second largest throng of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS assistant users (Erwin and peters, 1999). This testify will try to investigate and analyse the causes of increasing prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in discolor African people in London Borough of Lewisham. The essay will briefly examine the epidemiology of HIV infection in Lewisham particularly with focusin g on B lack African ethnicity. This essay will as well focus on socio economic determinants of HIV prevalence in Black African community in London borough of Lewisham. With the friend of this enquiry the factors influencing HIV/AIDS in Black African state in Lewisham would be studied. This will be an attempt to analyse the strategies and interventions of the issue regarding global, guinea pig and mainly the topical anesthetic perspectives. It focuses on scurrilous African communities because they are dis attributeately affected by HIV infection compared to an new(prenominal)(prenominal) minority ethnic groups.The HIV infection is mainly transmitted by dint of insecure inner intercourse which can be anal or vaginal. It may also be transmitted finished the transfusion of HIV contaminated blood to the healthy individual. Sharing needles has become a most joint reason for the spread of this epidemic. It may also be transmitted done the mother having HIV to her child. Bre ast feeding is also unrivalled of the factors which can help to spread the HIV (World Health Organisation, 2010). Still in some(prenominal) areas resembling developing countries, people are unknown to HIV/AIDS. The illiteracy and poverty are the main causative factors for the spread of epidemic HIV in the world. being an epidemic, migration is the most common cause for increasing the prevalence of HIV. Sex workers also play a leading role in the spread of HIV because the infection is versedly transmitted. London city has the maximal proportion of population from minority ethnic groups migrated from all over the world. Among these divers(prenominal) ethnic groups, Black Africans are one of the fastest growing immigrants in London. East London is one of the poorest areas in London city with having net expectation of life, spicyest unemploy manpowert rate and poor housing with low level of gentility (Elford et al, 2006).In England, late diagnosing of HIV remains a major prob lem among threatening Africans. In 2007, about 42 per cent of sear Africans diagnosed with HIV were diagnosed late. The state shows that late diagnosis of HIV maturations more rally of early mortality. The research also conclude some reasons for late diagnosis of HIV in Black African community such(prenominal) as, apprehension of scrutiny peremptory for HIV, some of them have a misconception that examen positive would lead to deportation, fear of breaking up the social relationships after testing positive, unknown of testing centres due to lack of tuition, having fear that life or business pattern will change because of testing positive. Most of Black Africans felt that they had no reason to think they had HIV. Due to HIV cogitate up stigma and variation Black Africans as compared to White community are the least likely to disclose their HIV lieu to their partners, family members, employers or friends. heathen and religious diversity among African community are the main causes of increase in prevalence of HIV. The evidence indicates that long time stay in England also has an impact on the sexual health of foreboding(a) Africans. some(prenominal) black African migrates are facing insecure residency status problem. This causes unemployment and mental problems to the community and due to this they are forced into sexual risks, such as prostitution which increases high risk to HIV infection (Race equivalence Foundation, 2009).Language barrier is one of the main causes for the increase in prevalence of HIV in Black people. In efficient communication amidst people and health cautiousness professional causes poor service of the health sustainment. spiritualty is also an important factor in the health and well-being of senior Black African people and must also be considered when decision making on methods of engagement (Race Equality Foundation, 2010).In England, It has proved that in that location are more same-sex relationships than report ed among black Africans (Race Equality Foundation, 2009). There is growing evidence to show that African men who have sex with men (MSM) living in the UK are deeply affected by HIV. The article from Audrey Prost, cogitate to sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) highlights the fact that homosexually active voice men from Black African communities in UK are disproportionately vulnerable to STIs compared to white people community. correspond to a matter conducted by Hickson and his colleagues in 2001, a higher proportion of black African MSM (18%) was living with HIV compared with white MSM with 10% (Aidsportal, 2007).African comical/bisexual men, regardless of their HIV status, are considered hard to light upon and reluctant to talk. Various reports indicate that homophobia, some(prenominal) at large and at bottom the black African community may be preventing African men from engaging with HIV measure initiatives and even discussing their sexual identity with anyone. The racial ism and homophobia are being very offensive part in Black gay community because Black people have always excluded, harassed, intent and killed often solely because they have black skin where Gay men are also harassed, beaten and killed because they are gay. This explains how difficult it can be being black and gay. In UK, in that respect are some evidences of research studies which are related to Black Caribbean MSM and their problems regarding social lives but there is no evidence of equivalent research which has been has been carried out with African men in UK. Therefore more research is needed urgently for understanding the sexual lifestyles of African MSM, their problems regarding social lives and the best ways to r individually them with HIV prevention policies and interventions (Aidsportal, 2007).Commission for Equality and man Rights (CEHR) presents a real opportunity to promise the multiple forms of secretion faced by Black/African gay men, including racism, homophobia, sexism etc.In London the well established determinants of health bring off costs for people living with HIV/AIDS such as disease stage and transmission category, socio-economic factors like employment and the support of a living-in partner drastically reduced community function expenses (Kupek et al, 1999). The social responses of fear, stigma, defense force and dissimilarity have accompanied the epidemic HIV/AIDS where the discrimination has increased enormously with maximum anxiety and prejudice against the community who are commonly affected with HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS, 2000).The HIV/AIDS can be treated by some modern therapies but it cannot be cured. The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a therapy which uniformly slower down the rate of disease development towards AIDS or the death. In London it is systematically showed that, the Black African people living with HIV are more likely to present with advanced stage of disease, and are therefore less likely to nark an d get advantage from this therapy. Because of this consequence there is a high mortality rate related to AIDS among the White community but in Black African community it has not to date seen remarkably (Boyd et al, 2005). The main reason for this occurrence is an unawareness of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among the Black African community. The information and knowledge regarding demographic characteristics and the stage of HIV in various communities can give important insights like which community should be targeted to provide more intensive educational campaigns to develop the consumption of HIV testing.The World Health Organisation, UNAIDS and AVERT are the globally leading health organisations which work together and with the regimen for the prevention of HIV/AIDS. These organisations on a regular foundation garment keep an updates of the prevalence of epidemic HIV/AIDS globally, on topic level as well as on the local level. though these organisations ar e trying to provide maximum services for HIV septic people, it is proved that, globally only less than one individual in five who are at risk of HIV had entrance to basal prevention services for HIV (UNAIDS, 2005). As mentioned earlier, the prevalence of HIV is oft in African regions. The governments of African countries should act decisively against the increase of HIV infections in the country. In South Africa the government has approved the long-awaited provision of relieve antiretroviral drugs in public hospitals. The South Africa is the only country in Africa whose government is even so obtuse, dilatory and negligent about rolling out preaching (AVERT, 2010). To fight against an epidemic HIV worldwide, the World Health Organisation and other national and international health organisations celebrates World AIDS Day any year on first December. The guinea pig was established by World Health Organisation in 1988. Worldwide it provides national AIDS programs, corporate tru st organisations, community organisations, and individuals with an opportunity to raise awareness and focus attention on the global AIDS epidemic (U.S. discussion section of Health and homosexual Services, 2010).In England, the HIV related manakin of services has been developed for African communities. This framework is developed to fulfil the vision of NHS plan and meet the standards and goals set out in the National Strategy. This service framework helps NHS staff offering HIV prevention and sexual health promotion advice to African communities. The Department of Health has proposed an ASTOR framework to deal with the diverse black community with various needs. It is a standardised planning tool which can be very cooperative to deal with the Black African HIV infected patients. The benefits of ASTORs are for both service commissioners and providers (Department of Health, 2005). To reduce the prevalence of HIV infection in Black African community, the government of England hav e planned some strategies such as, minify the number of people living with undiagnosed HIV with maximum access to testing HIV, improving the health of people living with HIV by providing an antiretroviral therapy to them, preventing the onward transmission of HIV by addressing knowledge and awareness to the infected people (Elam et al, 2006).The African HIV Policy Ne bothrk (AHPN) is a national umbrella organisation which deals with providing the information of national policies on HIV and sexual health that have implicated for African communities (African HIV Policy Network, 2008). In England the National African HIV prevention Programme (NAHIP) also industrial plant effectively delivering prevention interventions for African people living in England. In 1997, the department of health set up a first group of national projects targeted for African community to reduce the prevalence of HIV infection in England. In 2008 the Department of Health instigated a review of the two nationa l HIV taproom programmes, NAHIP and CHAPS which highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of both programmes and discussed the challenges regarding increasing prevalence in black Africans. In mid 2009, the RBE Consultancy was commissioned to consult with stakeholders in inn to develop the NAHIP strategic Plan 2010 2012. There is a provision of African AIDS Helpline which will become an intervention within NIHIP and the African community. The complex body part of the plan of NIHIP for 2010-2012 mainly include, the Implementation of the African HIV Prevention Handbook, pose the Knowledge, The Will and The Power into Practice, relationships with evaluation and development. The aim of AHPN plan is taking into composition the needs of African communities and more specifically incorporates Africans living with HIV into local delivery plans where the NIHIP aims to maintain the flow of the previous structure, provide a link for Sub-Contracted Agencies in case of grievances, reduce the length of time between HIV infection and diagnosis, reduce the number of condom failure events by increasing correct use of condoms, increase post-exposure prophylaxis in people who are sexually exposed to HIV (NAHIP, 2010).The Department of Health (2005) planned some interventions to descend the prevalence of HIV in African communities such as,One to one counselling.Telephone help lines.Provision of sperm washing services.Clinical services to prevent mother-to-child transmission.To maximise the contact with the target group Department of Health made some settings which include, religious groups of African community or churches, African restaurants and embassies etc (Department of Health, 2005).The most prominent initiatives of NIHIP are the Do It Right Africans Making rock-loving Choices campaign providing information on sexual health, condoms, and where to access help to the targeted group. The beyond Condoms campaign of NIHIP promotes debate among African communities about a w ide cultivate of issues regarding sexual health and building a safer sex culture. To avoid the talking to and religious barriers the campaign literature is available in five different languages with targeting different religious groups (AVERT, 2010).The London Borough of Lewisham has large number of black African community with infected by HIV. Each year the NHS of Lewisham treats over 1,200 people for HIV infection. In this borough, around 57% of people are infected through heterosexual sex and 35% are infected through sex between men. The NHS Lewisham is trying to fight against increase in HIV prevalence by implementing different strategies. In 2009, the NHS set a theme for World AIDS Day entitled Universal Access and Human Rights. In the whole borough, the HIV testing is currently available through all GPs on request and four rapid-access HIV testing clinics around the borough. With implementing a upstart theme for HIV the NHS is piloting a new approach to HIV testing (NHS Le wisham, 2009). To avoid different barriers against HIV treatment the NHS has set 5 spoke providers on the weekly and monthly basis in which Metro is for weekly gay men group and FAWA provides french speaking African monthly group. This can help African community who are infected with HIV (NHS Lewisham, 2009).In London Borough of Lewisham, the service providers for the black African people living with HIV are commissioned through the South London HIV Partnership (SLHP). The HIV services for black African communities commissioned by SLHP are as followsAfrican husbandry Promotion Prevention work with African communities.SHAKA Prevention work with Caribbian and African communities.NPL Prevention work with African communities.LSL African Health Forum Prevention work with African communities.THT GMFA pity and support services for gay men.Terrence Higgins put Counselling (NHS Lewisham, 2009).Although Lewisham carries maximum number of HIV patients with black African ethnicity, still there are no specific strategies or policies targeting only for black Africans HIV patients in London Borough of Lewisham. According to the research carried out, the black Africans continue to present with more advanced HIV disease than whites or black Caribbeans. This community is still lacking for the early diagnosis as compared to other ethnic groups. The future strategies should be designed to promote the uptake of HIV testing among black Africans. The future strategies should address the multiple barriers to testing, including misperception of risk, stigma and discrimination and ready access to testing. This study suggests that although being on a high risk group for HIV infection the black Africans generally do not suspect their status. This community delay their uptake for HIV clinic cathexis and test and statutory, voluntary support services. But still after diagnosis they are similar to their white counterparts. The black African community lack informal support networks. T his study highlights a desperate need for health promotion work for the black African communities in London Borough of Lewisham, to increase awareness of the benefits of testing HIV and simultaneously to reduce the stigma and discrimination related to HIV/AIDS. These are some barriers which have been illustrated in this study related to HIV testing. The attitudes and practices of NHS and other health care providers, perceptions of patients living with HIV, and official, managerial and economical factors would be very important aspects for the effectiveness of HIV testing and counselling for black African community but yet there is lack of structured information regarding these barriers. The overall barriers described are associated with low-risk perception, access to the health services, reluctance to address HIV, fear and worries and scarcity of economical and the right way trained human resources.To conclude the overall study some suggestions would be helpful for the future strat egies of health care services. The strategy or the insurance policy should be made which can help strengthen work between the voluntary and statutory sector since the black African community would find it easier to approach their community organisations. The statutory sector should also approach the community directly by reaching them and to hear their personal views. Every freshly established structure of the policy should be placed in each sector which will enable the people to attend easily. Considering the examples of the black African gay people, where it is perhaps easier for them to deal with HIV as they have, no baggage of family, these people are generally from the indigenous community therefore there is no immigration status problem, these people are stigmatised but also influential and empowered. If a HIV patient is admitted in hospital, try monitor him and when he is about to discharged the hospital ask him to contribute some thoughts once back in the community. Proact ive engagement with the black African community would effect in unequal access to services and care with raising the confidence in their own voluntary organisation that the information about their status is held in confidence and will not be breached. A health care service should have culturally fitted staff and involves families in the communication process which can be effective and successful.It is also a responsibility of all members of the society. The society should act well with the minority groups living with HIV. They should not be stigmatised by the general people. Being a good human everyone should avoid racism with minority communities like black Africans and the gay people. Remember, the Black African community who have HIV/AIDS are not the problem but the society is.REFERANCESAfrican HIV Policy Network. (2008) BHIVA/BASHH/BIS HIV TESTING GUIDELINES CONSULTATION Response from the African HIV Policy Network (AHPN). Online ready(prenominal) from http//www.ahpn.org/downl oads/policies/Consultation_on_BHIVA_testing_guidelines_V3_0.pdf Accessed 5th may 2010.African HIV Policy Network. (2006) HIV and Immigration. 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